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69
System-Level Power Optimization: Techniques and Tools
- ACM TRANSACTIONS ON DESIGN AUTOMATION OF ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS
, 2000
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The Design, Implementation, and Evaluation of a Compiler Algorithm for CPU Energy Reduction
- IN PROCEEDINGS OF ACM SIGPLAN CONFERENCE ON PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION
, 2003
"... This paper presents the design and implementation of a compiler algorithm that effectively optimizes programs for energy usage using dynamic voltage scaling (DVS). The algorithm identifies program regions where the CPU can be slowed down with negligible performance loss. It is implemented as a sourc ..."
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Cited by 125 (6 self)
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This paper presents the design and implementation of a compiler algorithm that effectively optimizes programs for energy usage using dynamic voltage scaling (DVS). The algorithm identifies program regions where the CPU can be slowed down with negligible performance loss. It is implemented as a source-to-source level transformation using the SUIF2 compiler infrastructure. Physical measurements on a high-performance laptop show that total system (i.e., laptop) energy savings of up to 28% can be achieved with performance degradation of less than 5% for the SPECfp95 benchmarks. On average, the system energy and energydelay product are reduced by 11% and 9%, respectively, with a performance slowdown of 2%. It was also discovered that the energy usage of the programs using our DVS algorithm is within 6% from the theoretical lower bound. To the best of our knowledge, this is one of the first work that evaluates DVS algorithms by physical measurements.
Accurate Electrical Battery Model Capable of Predicting Runtime and I-V Performance
- IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion
, 2006
"... Abstract—Low power dissipation and maximum battery runtime are crucial in portable electronics. With accurate and efficient circuit and battery models in hand, circuit designers can predict and optimize battery runtime and circuit performance. In this paper, an accurate, intuitive, and comprehensive ..."
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Cited by 116 (2 self)
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Abstract—Low power dissipation and maximum battery runtime are crucial in portable electronics. With accurate and efficient circuit and battery models in hand, circuit designers can predict and optimize battery runtime and circuit performance. In this paper, an accurate, intuitive, and comprehensive electrical battery model is proposed and implemented in a Cadence environment. This model accounts for all dynamic characteristics of the battery, from nonlinear open-circuit voltage, current-, temperature-, cycle number-, and storage time-dependent capacity to transient response. A simplified model neglecting the effects of self-discharge, cycle number, and temperature, which are nonconsequential in low-power Li-ion-supplied applications, is validated with experimental data on NiMH and polymer Li-ion batteries. Less than 0.4 % runtime error and 30-mV maximum error voltage show that the proposed model predicts both the battery runtime and I–V performance accurately. The model can also be easily extended to other battery and power sourcing technologies. Index Terms—Batteries, cadence simulation, electrical model, I–V performance, nickel-metal hydride battery, polymer lithiumion battery, runtime prediction, test system. I.
Battery-aware Static Scheduling for Distributed Real-time Embedded Systems
, 2001
"... This paper addresses battery-aware static scheduling in batterypowered distributed real-time embedded systems. As suggested by previous work, reducing the discharge current level and shaping its distribution are essential for extending the battery lifespan. We propose two battery-aware static sc ..."
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Cited by 86 (2 self)
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This paper addresses battery-aware static scheduling in batterypowered distributed real-time embedded systems. As suggested by previous work, reducing the discharge current level and shaping its distribution are essential for extending the battery lifespan. We propose two battery-aware static scheduling schemes. The first one optimizes the discharge power profile in order to maximize the utilization of the battery capacity. The second one targets distributed systems composed of voltage-scalable processing elements (PEs). It performs variable-voltage scheduling via efficient slack time re-allocation, which helps reduce the average discharge power consumption as well as flatten the discharge power profile. Both schemes guarantee the hard real-time constraints and precedence relationships in the real-time distributed embedded system specification. Based on previous work, we develop a battery lifespan evaluation metric which is aware of the shape of the discharge power profile. Our experimental results show that the battery lifespan can be increased by up to 29% by optimizing the discharge power file alone. Our variable-voltage scheme increases the battery lifespan by up to 76% over the non-voltage-scalable scheme and by up to 56% over the variable-voltage scheme without slack-time reallocation. 1.
Battery-Driven System Design: A New Frontier in Low Power Design
, 2002
"... As an increasing number of electronic systems are powered by batteries, battery life becomes a primary design consideration. Maximizing battery life requires system designers to develop an understanding of the capabilities and limitations of the batteries that power such systems, and to incorporate ..."
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Cited by 80 (3 self)
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As an increasing number of electronic systems are powered by batteries, battery life becomes a primary design consideration. Maximizing battery life requires system designers to develop an understanding of the capabilities and limitations of the batteries that power such systems, and to incorporate battery considerations into the system design process. Recent research has shown that, the amount of energy that can be supplied by a given battery varies significantly, depending on how the energy is drawn. Consequently, researchers are attempting to develop new batterydriven approaches to system design, which deliver battery life improvements over and beyond what can be achieved through conventional low-power design techniques. This paper presents an introduction to this emerging area, surveys promising technologies that have been developed for battery modeling and battery-efficient system design, and outlines emerging industry standards for smart battery systems. I.
Energy management for battery-powered embedded systems
- ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems
, 2003
"... Portable embedded computing systems require energy autonomy. This is achieved by batteries serving as a dedicated energy source. The requirement of portability places severe restrictions on size and weight, which in turn limits the amount of energy that is continuously available to maintain system o ..."
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Cited by 61 (3 self)
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Portable embedded computing systems require energy autonomy. This is achieved by batteries serving as a dedicated energy source. The requirement of portability places severe restrictions on size and weight, which in turn limits the amount of energy that is continuously available to maintain system operability. For these reasons, efficient energy utilization has become one of the key challenges to the designer of battery-powered embedded computing systems. In this paper, we first present a novel analytical battery model, which can be used for the battery lifetime estimation. The high quality of the proposed model is demonstrated with measurements and simulations. Using this battery model, we introduce a new “battery-aware ” cost function, which will be used for optimizing the lifetime of the battery. This cost function generalizes the traditional minimization metric, namely the energy consumption of the system. We formulate the problem of battery-aware task scheduling on a single processor with multiple voltages. Then, we prove several important mathematical properties of the cost function. Based on these properties, we propose several algorithms for task ordering and voltage assignment, including optimal idle period insertion to exercise charge recovery. This paper presents the first effort toward a formal treatment of battery-aware task scheduling and voltage scaling, based on an accurate analytical model of the battery behavior.
A discrete-time battery model for high-level power estimation
- In Proceedings of Design, Automation and Test in Europe
, 2000
"... A. Macii z In this paper, we introduce a discrete-time model for the com-plete power supply sub-system that closely approximates the behavior of its circuit-level (i.e., HSpice), continuous-time coun-terpart. The model is abstract and e cient enough to enable event-driven simulation of digital syste ..."
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Cited by 54 (1 self)
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A. Macii z In this paper, we introduce a discrete-time model for the com-plete power supply sub-system that closely approximates the behavior of its circuit-level (i.e., HSpice), continuous-time coun-terpart. The model is abstract and e cient enough to enable event-driven simulation of digital systems described at a very high level of abstraction and that include, among their compo-nents, also the power supply. Therefore, it can be successfully used for the purpose of battery life-time estimation during design optimization, as shown by the results we have collected on a meaningful case study. Experiments prove also that the accuracy of our model is very close to that provided bythecorresponding Spice-level model. 1
An Analytical Model for Predicting the Remaining Battery Capacity of LithiumIon Batteries",
- IEEE Transactions an Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems,
, 2006
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System-Level Power-Aware Design Techniques in Real-Time Systems
- Proceedings of the IEEE
, 2003
"... Power and energy consumption has recently become an important issue and consequently, power-aware techniques are being devised at all levels of system design; from the circuit and device level, to the architectural, compiler, operating system and networking layers. In this survey we concentrate on p ..."
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Cited by 41 (2 self)
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Power and energy consumption has recently become an important issue and consequently, power-aware techniques are being devised at all levels of system design; from the circuit and device level, to the architectural, compiler, operating system and networking layers. In this survey we concentrate on power-aware design techniques for real-time systems. While the main focus is on hard real-time, soft real-time systems are considered as well. We start with the motivation for focusing on these systems and provide a brief discussion on power and energy objectives. We then follow with a survey of current research on a layer by layer basis. We conclude with illustrative examples and open research challenges. This work provides an overview of poweraware techniques for the real-time system engineer as well as an up-to-date reference list for the researcher.
Battery lifetime prediction for energyaware computing
- In ISLPED ’02: Proceedings of the 2002 international symposium on Low power electronics and design
, 2002
"... Predicting the time of full discharge of a finite-capacity energy source, such as a battery, is important for the design of portable electronic systems and applications. In this paper we present a novel analytical model of a battery that not only can be used to predict battery lifetime, but also can ..."
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Cited by 32 (1 self)
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Predicting the time of full discharge of a finite-capacity energy source, such as a battery, is important for the design of portable electronic systems and applications. In this paper we present a novel analytical model of a battery that not only can be used to predict battery lifetime, but also can serve as a cost function for op-timization of the energy usage in battery-powered systems. The model is physically justified, and involves only two parameters, which are easily estimated. The paper includes the results of exten-sive experimental evaluation of the model with respect to numerical simulations of the electrochemical cell, as well as measurements taken on a real battery. The model was tested using constant, inter-rupted, periodic and non-periodic discharge profiles, which were derived from standard applications run on a pocket computer.
