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...d in operational networks in detail. Failure-inducing configuration faults include invalid routes (including hijacked and leaked routes); contract violations [10]; unstable routes [20]; routing loops =-=[7, 9]-=-; and persistently oscillating routes [1, 16, 31]. Many of these configuration faults can be detected by analyzing BGP configuration alone. Detecting BGP configuration faults is crucial for preventing...

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...would have chosen in a full-mesh configuration. Unfortunately, the routers along a path through the AS may be assigned different BGP routes from different route reflectors, leading to inconsistencies =-=[5]-=-. These inconsistencies can cause protocol oscillation [6, 7, 8] and persistent forwarding loops [6]. To prevent these problems, operators must ensure that route reflectors and their clients have a co...

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...uters to “deflect” data packets toward another exit point [18]. Previous work has underscored the severity of deflections by showing that certain iBGP topologies can cause persistent forwarding loops =-=[5]-=-. Deflections can also cause packets to traverse a different sequence of ASes than the ones in the AS path [23]. In general, deciding if an iBGP topology induces forwarding loops is an NP-complete pro...

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...ge routes using an interdomain routing protocol other than BGP. By selecting routes on behalf of all routers in a domain, RCP can avoid many internal BGP-related complications (e.g., forwarding loops =-=[9]-=- and signaling partitions [12]). This approach also facilitates traffic engineering, simpler and less error-prone policy expression, more powerful diagnosis and troubleshooting, more rapid deployment ...

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...C-D-C forms because routers select a path to an egress point but intermediate nodes on that path adopt a different route to the destination. Such behavior is commonly refered to as a path deflection. =-=[9]-=- is the first study to disclose the possible formation of forwarding loops because of improprer iBGP configurations. [11] identified a set of sufficient conditions guaranteeing loop-free forwarding pa...

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...utes, as well as to learn new routes [11]. However, reflectors make networks more vulnerable to point failures and can cause a inconsistent routing decisions, persistent loops, and route oscillations =-=[22, 23]-=-. AS Confederations partition an AS into sub-ASes, where each sub-AS maintains a full mesh within itself, with BGP sessions the between border routers of each sub-AS. However, not only do AS Confedera...

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...mination of eBGP learned routes, the resulting routes (and the subsequent forwarding paths of packets sent along those routes) picked by all routers should be free of deflections and forwarding loops =-=[5]-=-, [12]. P3 Robustness to IGP failures: The route dissemination mechanism should be robust to node or link failures and IGP path cost changes—such changes should not result in a violation of the correc...

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... IGP failures requires 25% more iBGP sessions than the original topology, but remains close to the original one in terms of iBGP degree distribution and white path length distribution. 5 Related work =-=[13]-=- was the first work to notice the possibility of occurrence of forwarding loops in route-reflection. Loop-free forwarding in iBGP was studied in [15]. [15] proved that checking the correctness of an i...

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...arch, Bell Labs 4C-508, 101 Crawfords Corner Rd Holmdel, NJ 07733 Email: rohit dube@acm.org 1 Introduction This note adds definitions and clarification to “A Comparison of Scaling Techniques for BGP” =-=[1]-=-, corrects some minor errors and clarifies points which may not have been clear in the original paper. It also adds a new analysis of the scaling properties of routereflectors and confederations, lead...