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...urthermore, no distinction is made between placebo- and active comparatorcontrolled trials, with some of the comparators (i.e., insulin, thiazolidinediones, and sulfonylureas) possibly inducing weight gain. Aim of the present meta-analysis is to assess the effects of GLP-1 receptor agonists on body weight at 6 and 12 months of treatment, separating placebo-controlled trials from comparisons with active drugs. Furthermore, a metaregression analysis will be performed to explore predictors of weight change during treatment. 2. Methods The meta-analysis was reported following the PRISMA checklist [16]. 2.1. Data Sources, Searches, and Extraction. An extensive Medline, Cochrane database, and Embase search for all articles in English using the keywords “exenatide”, “liraglutide”, “albiglutide”, “semaglutide”, and “lixisenatide” was performed collecting all randomized clinical trials on humans up to December 15, 2011. Completed but still unpublished trials were identified through a search of http:// www.clinicaltrials.gov/ website. FDA (http://www.fda.gov/) and European Medicines Agency (EMA, http://www.ema .europa.eu/) reviews of approved drugs, as well as published infor-mation provided to ...

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... METHODS Standard systematic reviewing methods were tailored to identify existing reviews rather than primary research (CRD, 2001). Reporting was carried out according to PRISMA statement guidelines (=-=Moher et al., 2009-=-) (see Supplementary material, Appendix 1 for full details). The review team comprised international experts in the field of brief alcohol interventions (EK, PA) and in systematic reviewing methods (D...

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... by mode of delivery was conducted following a review protocol (Prior et al, unpublished observations, 2010) and PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines =-=(20)-=-. Outcomes studied were early breastfeeding (defined as breastfeeding at discharge from hospital postpartum or any report of breastfeeding initiation) and breastfeeding at 6 mo, by mode of delivery. B...

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...literature on attitude of dietitians towards adiposity was conducted using four electronic databases: PubMed, PsycINFO, Web of Science and Cochrane Library. This review followed the Prisma Guidelines =-=[28]-=-. The following key words “obes or adiposity or overweight or over-weight or fat; attitude or belief or prejudice or stigma or perception; as well as health care professionals or dietitian or dietiti...

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...ently scored study methodology against recommendations from the MEDQUARG Checklist. Studies were classified according to the World Bank classification of countries by income. Data extraction: Data extracted: place of study; type of drugs sampled; sample size; percentage of substandard/counterfeit medicines; formulations included; origin of the drugs; chemical analysis and stated issues of counterfeit/substandard medicines. Results: 44 prevalence studies were identified, 15 had good methodological quality. They were conducted in 25 different countries; the majority were in low-income countries (11) and/or lower middle-income countries (10). The median prevalence of substandard/counterfeit medicines was 28.5% (range 11–48%). Only two studies differentiated between substandard and counterfeit medicines. Prevalence data were limited to antimicrobial drugs (all 15 studies). 13 studies involved antimalarials, 6 antibiotics and 2 other medications. The majority of studies (93%) contained samples with inadequate amounts of active ingredients. The prevalence of substandard/counterfeit antimicrobials was significantly higher when purchased from unlicensed outlets (p<0.000; 95% CI 0.21 to 0.32). ...

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...deaths under 65 years) was 30% higher, and higher still for ages 15– 45 years. Further evidence regarding the link between vitamin D deficiency and premature mortality is therefore required to evaluate whether the relatively high Scottish mortality rates may be in part explained by vitamin D deficiency. This study aims to establish whether there is evidence of an association between vitamin D deficiency and premature mortality, and the potential for any association to be due to confounding. Methods The systematic review was conducted according to the guidelines set out in the PRISMA statement [21]. Inclusion criteria Studies in all settings and countries and involving both male and female participants were included. Although the primary association of interest was the association between vitamin D and premature mortality, no upper age limit was specified in order that patterns of association at different ages could be identified. As the association of interest was between vitamin D and mortality in the general population, studies in which participants were selected on the basis of pre-existing illness were excluded. No restrictions were imposed for language, year of publication or dura...

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...ve to compare the strength of evidence for each type of data [16]. An inclusive orientation is otherwise indicated, so restrictions on participants, interventions, comparisons and study designs will be avoided. The present study thusaimstosynthesizeexistingevaluationsofdemandcharacteristics, examine how researchers have operationalized the construct, and draw conclusions aboutwhether and underwhat conditions demand characteristics exist and may pose threats to the validity of results in applied behavioural studies. Methods This is a systematic review reported according to the PRISMA statement [17]. Using this approach will elucidate whether the study ofdemandcharacteristicshasbeenadvanced inwayscongruentwith, and can inform, investigation of the wider consequences of research for the behaviour of participants in non-laboratory studies. Post-hoc references to, and discussions of, demand characteristics as possible explanations for observed data are widespread though probably not particularly informative for our purposes. We selected studies for inclusion in this systematic review according to the following criteria: 1. Used the term ‘‘demand characteristics’’ in the title or abstract. W...