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199
Secure spread spectrum watermarking for multimedia
- IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON IMAGE PROCESSING
, 1997
"... This paper presents a secure (tamper-resistant) algorithm for watermarking images, and a methodology for digital watermarking that may be generalized to audio, video, and multimedia data. We advocate that a watermark should be constructed as an independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.) Gauss ..."
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Cited by 1076 (10 self)
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This paper presents a secure (tamper-resistant) algorithm for watermarking images, and a methodology for digital watermarking that may be generalized to audio, video, and multimedia data. We advocate that a watermark should be constructed as an independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.) Gaussian random vector that is imperceptibly inserted in a spread-spectrum-like fashion into the perceptually most significant spectral components of the data. We argue that insertion of a watermark under this regime makes the watermark robust to signal processing operations (such as lossy compression, filtering, digital-analog and analog-digital conversion, requantization, etc.), and common geometric transformations (such as cropping, scaling, translation, and rotation) provided that the original image is available and that it can be succesfully registered against the transformed watermarked image. In these cases, the watermark detector unambiguously identifies the owner. Further, the use of Gaussian noise, ensures strong resilience to multiple-document, or collusional, attacks. Experimental results are provided to support these claims, along with an exposition of pending open problems.
Quantization Index Modulation: A Class of Provably Good Methods for Digital Watermarking and Information Embedding
- IEEE TRANS. ON INFORMATION THEORY
, 1999
"... We consider the problem of embedding one signal (e.g., a digital watermark), within another "host" signal to form a third, "composite" signal. The embedding is designed to achieve efficient tradeoffs among the three conflicting goals of maximizing information-embedding rate, mini ..."
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Cited by 495 (15 self)
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We consider the problem of embedding one signal (e.g., a digital watermark), within another "host" signal to form a third, "composite" signal. The embedding is designed to achieve efficient tradeoffs among the three conflicting goals of maximizing information-embedding rate, minimizing distortion between the host signal and composite signal, and maximizing the robustness of the embedding. We introduce new classes of embedding methods, termed quantization index modulation (QIM) and distortion-compensated QIM (DC-QIM), and develop convenient realizations in the form of what we refer to as dither modulation. Using deterministic models to evaluate digital watermarking methods, we show that QIM is "provably good" against arbitrary bounded and fully informed attacks, which arise in several copyright applications, and in particular, it achieves provably better rate distortion--robustness tradeoffs than currently popular spread-spectrum and low-bit(s) modulation methods. Furthermore, we show that for some important classes of probabilistic models, DC-QIM is optimal (capacity-achieving) and regular QIM is near-optimal. These include both additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channels, which may be good models for hybrid transmission applications such as digital audio broadcasting, and mean-square-error-constrained attack channels that model private-key watermarking applications.
Information Hiding -- A Survey
, 1999
"... Information hiding techniques have recently become important in a number of application areas. Digital audio, video, and pictures are increasingly furnished with distinguishing but imperceptible marks, which may contain a hidden copyright notice or serial number or even help to prevent unauthorised ..."
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Cited by 280 (0 self)
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Information hiding techniques have recently become important in a number of application areas. Digital audio, video, and pictures are increasingly furnished with distinguishing but imperceptible marks, which may contain a hidden copyright notice or serial number or even help to prevent unauthorised copying directly. Military communications systems make increasing use of traffic security techniques which, rather than merely concealing the content of a message using encryption, seek to conceal its sender, its receiver or its very existence. Similar techniques are used in some mobile phone systems and schemes proposed for digital elections. Criminals try to use whatever traffic security properties are provided intentionally or otherwise in the available communications systems, and police forces try to restrict their use. However, many of the techniques proposed in this young and rapidly evolving field can trace their history back to antiquity; and many of them are surprisingly easy to circumvent. In this article, we try to give an overview of the field; of what we know, what works, what does not, and what are the interesting topics for research.
Multimedia dataembedding and watermarking technologies
- Proceedings of the IEEE
, 1998
"... In this paper, we review recent developments in transparent data embedding and watermarking for audio, image, and video. Data-embedding and watermarking algorithms embed text, binary streams, audio, image, or video in a host audio, image, or video signal. The embedded data are perceptually inaudible ..."
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Cited by 227 (2 self)
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In this paper, we review recent developments in transparent data embedding and watermarking for audio, image, and video. Data-embedding and watermarking algorithms embed text, binary streams, audio, image, or video in a host audio, image, or video signal. The embedded data are perceptually inaudible or invisible to maintain the quality of the source data. The embedded data can add features to the host multimedia signal, e.g., multilingual soundtracks in a movie, or provide copyright protection. We discuss the reliability of data-embedding procedures and their ability to deliver new services such as viewing a movie in a given rated version from a single multicast stream. We also discuss the issues and problems associated with copy and copyright protections and assess the viability of current watermarking algorithms as a means for protecting copyrighted data. Keywords—Copyright protection, data embedding, steganography, watermarking. I.
Perceptual Watermarks for Digital Images and Video
, 2007
"... The growth of new imaging technologies has created a need for techniques that can be used for copyright protection of digital images. Copyright protection involves the authentication of image content and/or ownership and can be used to identify illegal copies of a (possibly forged) image. One approa ..."
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Cited by 188 (20 self)
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The growth of new imaging technologies has created a need for techniques that can be used for copyright protection of digital images. Copyright protection involves the authentication of image content and/or ownership and can be used to identify illegal copies of a (possibly forged) image. One approach for copyright protection is to introduce an invisible signal known as a digital watermark in the image. In this paper, we describe digital image watermarking techniques, known as perceptually based watermarks, that are designed to exploit aspects of the human visual system. In the most general sense, any watermarking technique that attempts to incorporate an invisible mark into an image is perceptually based. However, in order to provide transparency (invisibility of the watermark) and robustness to attack, more sophisticated use of perceptual information in the watermarking process is required. Several techniques have been introduced that incorporate a simple visual model in the marking procedure. Such techniques usually take advantage of frequency selectivity and weighing to provide some perceptual criteria in the watermarking process. Even more elaborate visual models are used to develop schemes that not only take advantage of frequency
A Secure, Robust Watermark for Multimedia
, 1996
"... We describe a digital watermarking method for use in audio, image, video and multimedia data. We argue that a watermark must be placed in perceptually significant components of a signal if it is to be robust to common signal distortions and malicious attack. However, it is well known that modificati ..."
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Cited by 156 (6 self)
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We describe a digital watermarking method for use in audio, image, video and multimedia data. We argue that a watermark must be placed in perceptually significant components of a signal if it is to be robust to common signal distortions and malicious attack. However, it is well known that modification of these components can lead to perceptual degradation of the signal. To avoid this, we propose to insert a watermark into the spectral components of the data using techniques analogous to spread sprectrum communications, hiding a narrow band signal in a wideband channel that is the data. The watermark is difficult for an attacker to remove, even when several individuals conspire together with independently watermarked copies of the data. It is also robust to common signal and geometric distortions such as digital-to-analog and analog-to-digital conversion, resampling, and requantization, including dithering and recompression and rotation, translation, cropping and scaling. The same digit...
A Fair Benchmark for Image Watermarking Systems
, 1999
"... Since the early 90's a number of papers on "robust" digital watermarking systems have been presented but none of them uses the same robustness criteria. This is not practical at all for comparison and slows down progress in this area. To address this issue, we present an evaluation pr ..."
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Cited by 141 (5 self)
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Since the early 90's a number of papers on "robust" digital watermarking systems have been presented but none of them uses the same robustness criteria. This is not practical at all for comparison and slows down progress in this area. To address this issue, we present an evaluation procedure of image watermarking systems. First we identify all necessary parameters for proper benchmarking and investigate how to quantitatively describe the image degradation introduced by the watermarking process. For this, we show the weaknesses of usual image quality measures in the context watermarking and propose a novel measure adapted to the human visual system. Then we show how to e#ciently evaluate the watermark performance in such a way that fair comparisons between di#erent methods are possible. The usefulness of three graphs: "attack vs. visual-quality," "bit-error vs. visual quality," and "bit-error vs. attack" are investigated. In addition the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) graphs are reviewed and proposed to describe statistical detection behavior of watermarking methods. Finally we review a number of attacks that any system should survive to be really useful and propose a benchmark and a set of di#erent suitable images.
DCT-Domain Watermarking Techniques for Still Images: Detector Performance Analysis and a New Structure
- IEEE TRANS. ON IMAGE PROCESSING
, 2000
"... In this paper, a spread-spectrum-like discrete cosine transform domain (DCT domain) watermarking technique for copyright protection of still digital images is analyzed. The DCT is applied in blocks of 8 8 pixels as in the JPEG algorithm. The watermark can encode information to track illegal misuses. ..."
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Cited by 133 (4 self)
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In this paper, a spread-spectrum-like discrete cosine transform domain (DCT domain) watermarking technique for copyright protection of still digital images is analyzed. The DCT is applied in blocks of 8 8 pixels as in the JPEG algorithm. The watermark can encode information to track illegal misuses. For flexibility purposes, the original image is not necessary during the ownership verification process, so it must be modeled by noise. Two tests are involved in the ownership verification stage: watermark decoding, in which the message carried by the watermark is extracted, and watermark detection, which decides whether a given image contains a watermark generated with a certain key. We apply generalized Gaussian distributions to statistically model the DCT coefficients of the original image and show how the resulting detector structures lead to considerable improvements in performance with respect to the correlation receiver, which has been widely considered in the literature and makes use of the Gaussian noise assumption. As a result of our work, analytical expressions for performance measures such as the probability of error in watermark decoding and probabilities of false alarm and detection in watermark detection are derived and contrasted with experimental results.
Transparent Robust Image Watermarking
, 1996
"... We propose a watermarking scheme to hide copyright information in an image. The scheme employs visual masking to guarantee that the embedded watermark is invisible and to maximize the robustness of the hidden data. The watermark is constructed for arbitrary image blocks by filtering a pseudo-noise s ..."
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Cited by 129 (3 self)
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We propose a watermarking scheme to hide copyright information in an image. The scheme employs visual masking to guarantee that the embedded watermark is invisible and to maximize the robustness of the hidden data. The watermark is constructed for arbitrary image blocks by filtering a pseudo-noise sequence (author id) with a filter that approximates the frequency masking characteristics of the visual system. The noise-like watermark is statistically invisible to deter unauthorized removal. Experimental results show that the watermark is robust to several distortions including white and colored noises, JPEG coding at di#erent qualities, and cropping. 1.
Spread Spectrum Image Steganography
- IEEE Transactions on Image Processing
, 1999
"... In this paper we present a new method of digital steganography, entitled Spread Spectrum Image Steganography (SSIS). Steganography, which means "covered writing" in Greek, is the science of communicating in a hidden manner. Following a discussion of steganographic communication theory an ..."
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Cited by 109 (7 self)
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In this paper we present a new method of digital steganography, entitled Spread Spectrum Image Steganography (SSIS). Steganography, which means "covered writing" in Greek, is the science of communicating in a hidden manner. Following a discussion of steganographic communication theory and review of existing techniques, the new method, SSIS, is introduced. This system hides and recovers a message of substantial length within digital imagery while maintaining the original image size and dynamic range. The hidden message can be recovered using appropriate keys without any knowledge of the original image. Image restoration, errorcontrol coding, and techniques similar to spread spectrum are described, and the performance of the system is illustrated. A message embedded by this method can be in the form of text, imagery, or any other digital signal. Applications for such a data-hiding scheme include in-band captioning, covert communication, image tamperproofing, authentication, embe...
