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..., A–F). RhoA is a key player in the control of the actin cytoskeleton, cell–cell adhesion and gene expression (Fujita and Braga, 2005; Hall, 2005; Posern and Treisman, 2006; Heasman and Ridley, 2008; =-=Nelson, 2008-=-). To identify the Rho activators that transmit the TGF- stimulus, we performed a genome-wide expression analysis using microarrays. Total RNA was isolated from triplicate samples of control and TGF-...

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...alized subcellular machinery that recognizes specific sorting signals in membrane protein cargo (Nelson and Rodriguez-Boulan, 2004; Rodriguez-Boulan et al., 2005; Bryant and Mostov, 2008; Mellman and =-=Nelson, 2008-=-; Heike et al., 2009). These interactions target newly synthesized molecules from the trans-Golgi network (TGN) to the plasma membrane, recycle internalized cargo back to the same plasma membrane doma...

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...been challenged in other studies in Drosophila (McCartney et al., 2006). -Catenin also plays an essential role in cell–cell adhesion through its association with cadherins and -catenin (reviewed in =-=Nelson, 2008-=-). It is unclear whether APC regulates -catenin in the cadherin complex. APC also binds directly to actin (Moseley et al., 2007) and microtubules (Munemitsu et al., 1994; Smith et al., 1994), as well...

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...eviewed in Maness and Schachner, 2007). Cadherins are a key class of molecules involved in cell–cell adhesion, both duringmorphogenesis and later, because they regulatemany developmental events including migration, polarity, cell shape and cell sorting (Gumbiner, 2005). Cadherins act by binding homotypically to cadherins on adjacent cells, linking cells to each other and to the actin cytoskeleton through catenins and other linker proteins (Gates and Peifer, 2005). Cadherins are also involved in complex feedback to the actin cytoskeleton via Rho family GTPases (reviewed in Braga and Yap, 2005; Nelson, 2008). Gastrulation, which involves the internalization of the endodermal and mesodermal precursors, is the first major morphogenetic movement in metazoans. In most species, cadherins are essential both for the organization of the pregastrula embryo and for gastrulation. For example, in zebrafish the E-cadherin homologue, halfbaked/cdh1, is required for epiboly of the blastoderm around the yolk cell (Babb et al., 2001; Kane et al., 1996, 2005). Organization of the blastula (Heasman et al., 1994) and germ-layer separation at the onset of gastrulation (Wacker et al., 2000) in Xenopus requires cadheri...

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...]. Therefore, adhesive interactions presumably also modulate cortex tension of the interface by coordinating actin assemblies. Such assemblies, on the other hand, have been shown to modulate adhesion =-=[146, 147]-=-, presumably creating a feedback loop between adhesion and cortex tension. Depending on the type of cell, different scenarios can happen (see Fig. 2.8). 1. When two cells adhere and a contractile acto...

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...ellular domains.sThe extracellular portion of cadherin mediates calcium dependent homophilic interactionswith cadherins from adjacent cells through a series of five characteristic subdomainss(EC1-5) (=-=Nelson, 2008-=-).sImmediately following initial contact between two cells, cadherins are proposedsto cluster together and stack laterally by cis interactions.sThe assembly and disassemblysof cadherin extracellular a...

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...viewed in Maness and Schachner, 2007). Cadherins are a key class of molecules involved in cell–cell adhesion, both duringmorphogenesis and later, because they regulate many developmental events including migration, polarity, cell shape and cell sorting (Gumbiner, 2005). Cadherins act by binding homotypically to cadherins on adjacent cells, linking cells to each other and to the actin cytoskeleton through catenins and other linker proteins (Gates and Peifer, 2005). Cadherins are also involved in complex feedback to the actin cytoskeleton via Rho family GTPases (reviewed in Braga and Yap, 2005; Nelson, 2008). Gastrulation, which involves the internalization of the endodermal and mesodermal precursors, is the first major morphogenetic movement in metazoans. In most species, cadherins are essential both for the organization of the pregastrula embryo and for gastrulation. For example, in zebrafish the E-cadherin homologue, halfbaked/cdh1, is required for epiboly of the blastoderm around the yolk cell (Babb et al., 2001; Kane et al., 1996, 2005). Organization of the blastula (Heasman et al., 1994) and germ-layer separation at the onset of gastrulation (Wacker et al., 2000) in Xenopus requires cadheri...

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... of cadherins as major cell adhesion molecules has provided a molecular basis for this concept, and differential cadherin expression has been linked to sorting and boundary formation (Gumbiner, 2005; =-=Nelson, 2008-=-; Shapiro and Weis, 2009; Stepniak et al., 2009). Early on, the concept of tissue surface tension was applied to explain effects of differential adhesion (Steinberg, 1970). By definition, surface tens...