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24
Statistical evaluation of image quality measures
- JOURNAL OF ELECTRONIC IMAGING 11(2), 206–223 (APRIL 2002)
, 2002
"... In this work we comprehensively categorize image quality measures, extend measures defined for gray scale images to their multispectral case, and propose novel image quality measures. They are categorized into pixel difference-based, correlation-based, edge-based, spectral-based, context-based and h ..."
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Cited by 82 (1 self)
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In this work we comprehensively categorize image quality measures, extend measures defined for gray scale images to their multispectral case, and propose novel image quality measures. They are categorized into pixel difference-based, correlation-based, edge-based, spectral-based, context-based and human visual system (HVS)-based measures. Furthermore we compare these measures statistically for still image compression applications. The statistical behavior of the measures and their sensitivity to coding artifacts are investigated via analysis of variance techniques. Their similarities or differences are illustrated by plotting their Kohonen maps. Measures that give consistent scores across an image class and that are sensitive to coding artifacts are pointed out. It was found that measures based on the phase spectrum, the multiresolution distance or the HVS filtered mean square error are computationally simple and are more responsive to coding artifacts. We also demonstrate the utility of combining selected quality metrics in building a steganalysis tool.
Toward perceptual metrics for video watermark evaluation
- in Proc. of SPIE, Applications of Digital Image Processing
, 2003
"... Assessing and comparing the performance of watermarking algorithms is difficult. The visibility of the watermark is an important aspect in this process. In this paper, we propose two metrics for evaluating the visual impact of video watermarks. Based on several different watermarking algorithms and ..."
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Cited by 10 (3 self)
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Assessing and comparing the performance of watermarking algorithms is difficult. The visibility of the watermark is an important aspect in this process. In this paper, we propose two metrics for evaluating the visual impact of video watermarks. Based on several different watermarking algorithms and video sequences, we identify the most prominent impairments as spatial noise and temporal flicker. We design the corresponding measurement algorithms and corroborate their performance through subjective experiments. 1.
Evaluating the Streaming of FGS-Encoded Video with Rate-Distortion Traces
, 2003
"... The MPEG--4 video coding standard has recently been enriched with Fine Granularity Scalability (FGS) a new coding technique expressly designed for video streaming. With FGS coding the video stream can be flexibly truncated at very fine granularity to adapt to the available network resources. In th ..."
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Cited by 9 (1 self)
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The MPEG--4 video coding standard has recently been enriched with Fine Granularity Scalability (FGS) a new coding technique expressly designed for video streaming. With FGS coding the video stream can be flexibly truncated at very fine granularity to adapt to the available network resources. In this report we provide a framework for the evaluation of the streaming of FGS-encoded video. The framework consists of evaluation metrics and a library of rate-distortion traces. This framework enables networking researchers without access to video codecs and video sequences to develop and evaluate rate-distortion optimized streaming mechanisms for FGS-encoded video. We apply our evaluation framework to investigate the rate-distortion optimized streaming at different video frame aggregation levels. We find that compared to the optimization for each individual video frame, optimization at the level of video scenes reduces the computational effort dramatically, while reducing the video quality only very slightly.
Video Quality Measurement Standards – Current Status and Trends
"... Abstract—With the wide-spread use of digital video, quality considerations have become essential, and industry demand for video quality measurement standards is rising. Various organizations are working on such standards. This paper reviews some of the existing standards documents, on-going work and ..."
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Cited by 7 (0 self)
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Abstract—With the wide-spread use of digital video, quality considerations have become essential, and industry demand for video quality measurement standards is rising. Various organizations are working on such standards. This paper reviews some of the existing standards documents, on-going work and future trends in this space. Index Terms—Video quality measurement, subjective experiments, objective quality metrics, Mean Opinion Score (MOS), standardization I.
Programmatic Compression of Natural Video
"... The use of digital video is increasing day by day. In the field of Genetic Programming a new approach called “programmatic compression” has been suggested for data compression. In this paper we describe how this technique can be applied to natural video. A programme generating intermediate frames of ..."
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Cited by 3 (0 self)
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The use of digital video is increasing day by day. In the field of Genetic Programming a new approach called “programmatic compression” has been suggested for data compression. In this paper we describe how this technique can be applied to natural video. A programme generating intermediate frames of a video sequence is evolved where each frame is composed by a series of transformed regions from other frames in the sequence. The results show that the method generates a significantly better approximation to a frame than using a neighbouring intra-frame. Programmatic compression seems promising in the field of natural video compression. 1
Requirements for the Transmission of Streaming Video in Mobile Wireless Networks
"... Abstract. The ability to transmit video and support related real-time multimedia applications is considered important in mobile networks. Video streaming, video conferencing, online interactive gaming, and mobile TV are only a few of the applications expected to support the viability, and survival, ..."
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Cited by 2 (0 self)
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Abstract. The ability to transmit video and support related real-time multimedia applications is considered important in mobile networks. Video streaming, video conferencing, online interactive gaming, and mobile TV are only a few of the applications expected to support the viability, and survival, of next generation mobile wireless networks. It is, therefore, significant to analyze the interaction of the particular media and applications. This paper presents the characteristics of mobile wireless networks and relates these characteristics to the requirements of video transmission. The relationship derived is based not only on the objective QoS metrics measured in the network, but also on the subjective quality measures obtained by video viewers at end hosts. Through this work we establish guidelines for the transmission of video based on the limits of mobile and wireless networks. We believe that the results help researchers and professionals in the fields of video production and encoding to create videos of high efficiency, in terms of resource utilization, and of high performance, in terms of end-user satisfaction. 1
Image Quality Statistics and Their Use in Steganalysis and Compression
, 2001
"... We categorize comprehensively image quality measures, extend measures defined for gray scale images to their multispectral case, and propose novel image quality measures. The statistical behavior of the measures and their sensitivity to various kinds of distortions, data hiding and coding artifacts ..."
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Cited by 1 (0 self)
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We categorize comprehensively image quality measures, extend measures defined for gray scale images to their multispectral case, and propose novel image quality measures. The statistical behavior of the measures and their sensitivity to various kinds of distortions, data hiding and coding artifacts are investigated via Analysis of Variance techniques. Their similarities or differences have been illustrated by plotting their Kohonen maps. Measures that give consistent scores across an image class and that are sensitive to distortions and coding artifacts are pointed out. We present techniques for steganalysis of images that have been potentially subjected to watermarking or steganographic algorithms. Our hypothesis is that watermarking and steganographic schemes leave statistical evidence that can be exploited for detection with the aid of image quality features and multivariate regression analysis. The steganalyzer is built using multivariate regression on the selected quality metrics. In the absence of the ground-truth, a common reference image is obtained based on blurring. Simulation results with the chosen feature set and well-known watermarking and steganographic techniques indicate that our approach is able to reasonably accurately distinguish between marked and unmarked images. We also present a technique that provides progressive transmission and near-lossless compression in one single framework. The proposed technique produces a bitstream that results in progressive reconstruction of the image just like what one can obtain with a reversible wavelet codec. In addition, the proposed scheme provides near-lossless reconstruction with respect to a given bound after each layer of the successively refinable bitstream is decoded. Experimental results for both lossless and near-lossless cases are presented, which are competitive with the state-of-the-art compression schemes.
Comparing the streaming of FGS encoded video at different aggregation levels
, 2005
"... Fine granularity scalability (FGS), a new coding technique that has recently been added to the MPEG-4 video coding standard, allows for the flexible scaling of each individual video frame at very fine granularity. This flexibility makes FGS video very well suited for rate-distortion optimized stream ..."
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Cited by 1 (0 self)
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Fine granularity scalability (FGS), a new coding technique that has recently been added to the MPEG-4 video coding standard, allows for the flexible scaling of each individual video frame at very fine granularity. This flexibility makes FGS video very well suited for rate-distortion optimized streaming mechanisms, which minimize the distortion (i.e. maximize the quality) of the streamed video by transmitting the optimal number of bits for each individual frame. The per-frame optimization of the transmission schedule, however, puts a significant computational burden on video servers and intermediate streaming gateways. In this paper we investigate the rate-distortion optimized streaming at different video frame aggregation levels. We find that compared to the optimization for each individual video frame, optimization at the level of video scenes reduces the computational effort dramatically, while reducing the video quality only very slightly. Copyright # 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of Single Rate Multicast Congestion Control Schemes for MPEG-4 Video Transmission
, 2009
"... We present in this paper a simulation-based comparison of one of the best known multicast congestion control schemes- TFMCC- against our proposed Adaptive Smooth Multicast Protocol (ASMP). ASMP consists of a singlerate multicast congestion control, which takes advantage of the RTCP Sender (SR) and ..."
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Cited by 1 (0 self)
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We present in this paper a simulation-based comparison of one of the best known multicast congestion control schemes- TFMCC- against our proposed Adaptive Smooth Multicast Protocol (ASMP). ASMP consists of a singlerate multicast congestion control, which takes advantage of the RTCP Sender (SR) and Receiver Reports (RR) in order to adjust the sender’s transmission rate in respect of the network conditions. The innovation in ASMP lays in the “smooth” transmission rate, which is TCP-friendly and prevent oscillations. We use an integrated simulation environment named Multi-Evalvid-RA for the evaluation of the two congestion control schemes. Multi-Evalvid-RA provides all the necessary tools to perform simulation studies and assess the video quality by using both network related metrics along with video quality measurements. The performance evaluation results show that ASMP is a very efficient solution for rate adaptive multimedia applications and a serious competitor to well know TFMCC.
Quality assessment of the MPEG-4 scalable video CODEC
, 906
"... In this paper, the performance of the emerging MPEG-4 SVC CODEC is evaluated. In the first part, a brief introduction on the subject of quality assessment and the development of the MPEG-4 SVC CODEC is given. After that, the used test methodologies are described in detail, followed by an explanation ..."
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In this paper, the performance of the emerging MPEG-4 SVC CODEC is evaluated. In the first part, a brief introduction on the subject of quality assessment and the development of the MPEG-4 SVC CODEC is given. After that, the used test methodologies are described in detail, followed by an explanation of the actual test scenarios. The main part of this work concentrates on the performance analysis of the MPEG-4 SVC CODEC- both objective and subjective.
