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...e box” design of the system, it is important to identify which architectural schemes need to be chosen for the individual components and the service component ensembles. To this end, in previous work =-=[7]-=-, we defined a taxonomy of architectural patterns for adaptive components and ensemble of components. This taxonomy has the twofold goal of enabling reuse of existing experiences in the area and provi...

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...termines the changes to be enforced, and enact them. Thus systems featuring such an architectural pattern, often called MAPE-K [5, 6, 8], should definitely be considered as adaptive. But as argued in =-=[1]-=- there are other, simpler adaptive patterns, like the Internal Feedback Loop pattern, where the control loop is not as neatly separated from the application logic as in MAPE-K, and the Reactive Adapta...

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...r constraints). To support adaptation, SOTA relies on the goal model to help understand according to which (self-adaptive) architectural scheme a system should be architected so goals can be achieved =-=[7]-=-. For a more detailed specification of behaviors and goals, POEM [12] model has been proposed and is currently at a rather preliminary stage. Finally, GEM [13] stands as a formal system model which re...

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... data and basic ingredients for communication. In addition, we have observed that the self-assembly strategies proposed by the swarm computing community often adhere to the so-called reactive pattern =-=[30]-=-, typical of reactive agents, which are characterized by the lack of explicit goals and of sophisticated adaptation mechanism such as planning or learning. An approach similar in spirit to PAGODA is P...

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...esigner considers the actual design of the system, it is important to identify which architectural schemes need to be chosen for the individual components and ensembles. To this end, in previous work =-=[6]-=-, we defined a taxonomy of architectural patterns for adaptive components and ensembles of components. This taxonomy has the twofold goal of enabling reuse of existing experiences and providing useful...

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...self-adaptive systems which spun off from the wider area of distributed systems, be them based on web services, software agents, robots, or on other autonomous entities that need to react to unforeseen changes during their execution. Many surveys have been conducted to identify the main features of self-adaptive MASs [21, 24, 40, 45, 48] and interesting and original solutions have been proposed by the research community. Proposals for standardizing the concepts involved in the self-adaptation process include [29], a meta-model to describe intelligent adaptive systems in open environments, and [10], a taxonomy of adaptive agent-based collaboration patterns, for their analysis and exploitation in the area of autonomic service ensembles. An analysis of linguistic approaches for self-adaptive software is presented in [41]. As far as the engineering of self-adaptive systems is concerned, authors either propose new methods and platforms or extend already existing methodologies. In the first category we mention the AMAS theory (Adaptive Multi-Agent Systems [11]), which identifies design criteria to enable the emergence of an organization within the system and to guarantee the global function ...

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... of distributed systems, be them based on web services, software agents, robots, or on other autonomous entities that need to react to unforeseen changes during their execution. Many surveys have been conducted to identify the main features of self-adaptive MASs [12, 15, 22, 25, 26] and interesting and original solutions have been proposed by the research community. Proposals for standardizing the concepts involved in the self-adaptation process include a meta-model to describe intelligent adaptive systems in open environments [16] and a taxonomy of adaptive agent-based collaboration patterns [7], for their analysis and exploitation in the area of autonomic service ensembles. An analysis of linguistic approaches for self-adaptive software is presented in [24]. The approaches closer to ours focus on formalizing protocols that the agents may use during their life, including specific protocols to deal with unforeseen events: in these approaches agents are usually free to choose, from a bunch of usable protocols, which one they prefer, maintaining in this way the freedom to autonomously self adapt to the new situation but ensuring at the same time that a feasible interaction pattern is fo...

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..., that self-organize to achieve a desired application. Examples in this direction are the work on collective robotics [12], [13], autonomous and adaptive systems and distributed computing [17], [18], =-=[6]-=-. One of the main scientific questions in this kind of scenarios is: How can we have confidence that self organizing systems actually do what we expect them to? Providing convincing answers to that qu...

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... loops are required inside the system. The SOTA framework accordingly defines a catalogue of self-adaptive patterns, defining the many possible ways according to which feedback loops can be organized =-=[6, 13]-=-. However, a highly decentralized autonomic system may consist of a large number of service components, and multiple autonomic managers that close multiple and interacting feedback loops. Therefore, i...