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Motivational influences on cognitive performance in children: Focus over fit
- Journal of Cognition and Development
, 2011
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This article may be used for research, teaching and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, re-distribution, re-selling, loan or sub-licensing, systematic supply or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date. The accuracy of any instructions, formulae and drug doses should be independently verified with primary sources. The publisher shall not be liable for any loss, actions, claims, proceedings, demand or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material.
Regulatory fit effects on stimulus identification
, 2010
"... Abstract This article examines the effects of a fit between a person’s global regulatory focus and the local task reward structure on perceptual processing and judgment. On each trial, participants were presented with one of two briefly presented stimuli and were asked to identify it. Participants w ..."
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Abstract This article examines the effects of a fit between a person’s global regulatory focus and the local task reward structure on perceptual processing and judgment. On each trial, participants were presented with one of two briefly presented stimuli and were asked to identify it. Participants were placed in a promotion focus (a situationally induced sensitivity to gains) or a prevention focus (a situationally induced sensitivity to losses) and were asked to maximize gains or minimize losses. An asymmetric payoff ratio biased the overall reward toward one identification response over the other. Two experiments tested the role of regulatory fit when internal familiarity and perceptual sensitivity were low or high. When familiarity and sensitivity were low, partic-ipants in a regulatory fit (promotion focus with gains or a prevention focus with losses) showed greater perceptual sensitivity but no response bias differences, relative to participants in a regulatory mismatch. When familiarity and sensitivity were high, participants in a regulatory fit showed a response bias toward the high-payoff stimulus but no differences in perceptual sensitivity. Speculations are offered on the neurobiological basis of this effect, as well as implications of this work for clinical disorders such as depression.
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, 2011
"... More than meets the eye: age differences in the capture ..."
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Effects of musicality and motivational orientation on auditory category learning: A test of a regulatory-fit hypothesis
, 2011
"... Abstract Two experiments investigated the effects of musicality and motivational orientation on auditory category learning. In both experiments, participants learned to classify tone stimuli that varied in frequency and duration according to an initially unknown disjunctive rule; feedback involved g ..."
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Abstract Two experiments investigated the effects of musicality and motivational orientation on auditory category learning. In both experiments, participants learned to classify tone stimuli that varied in frequency and duration according to an initially unknown disjunctive rule; feedback involved gaining points for correct responses (a gains reward structure) or losing points for incorrect responses (a losses reward structure). For Experiment 1, participants were told at the start that musicians typically outperform nonmusicians on the task, and then they were asked to identify themselves as either a “musician ” or a “nonmusician. ” For Experiment 2, participants were given either a promotion focus prime (a performance-based opportunity to gain entry into a raffle) or a prevention focus prime (a performance-based criterion that needed to be maintained to avoid losing an entry into a raffle) at the start of the experiment. Consistent with a regulatory-fit hypothesis, self-identified musicians and promotion-primed participants given a gains reward structure made more correct tone classifications and were more likely to discover the optimal disjunctive rule than were musicians and promotionprimed participants experiencing losses. Reward structure (gains vs. losses) had inconsistent effects on the performance of nonmusicians, and a weaker regulatory-fit effect was found for the prevention focus prime. Overall, the findings from this study demonstrate a regulatory-fit effect in the domain of
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"... One important question in cognitive science is how humans search for useful resources in the environment. Indeed, understanding the search process is often a critical step for studying how an agent learns, adapts, and behaves in an ..."
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One important question in cognitive science is how humans search for useful resources in the environment. Indeed, understanding the search process is often a critical step for studying how an agent learns, adapts, and behaves in an
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"... Most behavior stems from motivation. As we maneuver through the environment we choose actions from a large repertoire of behaviors. These behaviors are strongly affected by our learning history, but also by our current motivational state to approach positive outcomes or avoid negative outcomes. For ..."
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Most behavior stems from motivation. As we maneuver through the environment we choose actions from a large repertoire of behaviors. These behaviors are strongly affected by our learning history, but also by our current motivational state to approach positive outcomes or avoid negative outcomes. For example, one could be
REGULATORY FOCUS AND DECISION-MAKING 1 Chronic Motivational State Interacts with Task Reward Structure in Dynamic Decision-Making
"... Research distinguishes between a habitual, model-free system motivated toward immediately rewarding actions, and a goal-directed, model-based system motivated toward actions that improve future state. We examined the balance of processing in these two systems during state-based decision-making. We t ..."
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Research distinguishes between a habitual, model-free system motivated toward immediately rewarding actions, and a goal-directed, model-based system motivated toward actions that improve future state. We examined the balance of processing in these two systems during state-based decision-making. We tested a regulatory fit hypothesis (Maddox & Markman, 2010) that predicts that global trait motivation affects the balance of habitual- vs. goal-directed processing but only through its interaction with the task framing as gain-maximization or loss-minimization. We found support for the hypothesis that a match between an individual’s chronic motivational state and the task framing enhances goal-directed processing, and thus state-based decision-making. Specifically, chronic promotion-focused individuals under gain-maximization and chronic prevention-focused individuals under loss-minimization both showed enhanced state-based decision-making. Computational modeling indicates that individuals in a match between global chronic motivational state and local task reward structure engaged more goal-directed processing, whereas those in a mismatch engaged more habitual processing.
Performance pressure and speech learning 1 Performance Pressure Enhances Speech Learning
"... Real-world speech learning often occurs in high pressure situations such as trying to communicate in a foreign country. However, the impact of pressure on speech learning success is largely unexplored. In this study, adult, native speakers of English learned non-native speech categories under pressu ..."
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Real-world speech learning often occurs in high pressure situations such as trying to communicate in a foreign country. However, the impact of pressure on speech learning success is largely unexplored. In this study, adult, native speakers of English learned non-native speech categories under pressure or no-pressure conditions. In the pressure conditions, participants were informed that they were paired with a (fictitious) partner, and that each had to independently exceed a performance criterion for both to receive a monetary bonus. They were then informed that their partner had exceeded the bonus and the fate of both bonuses depended upon the participant’s performance. Our results demonstrate that pressure significantly enhanced speech learning success. In addition, neurobiologically-inspired computational modeling revealed that the performance advantage was due to faster and more frequent use of procedural learning strategies. These results integrate two well-studied research domains and suggest a facilitatory role of motivational factors in speech learning performance that may not be captured in traditional training paradigms.
Motivation-Learning and Aging 1 Toward a Three-Factor Motivation-Learning Framework in Normal Aging
"... The common belief that motivation involves simply “trying harder ” is at best simplistic and at worst is inaccurate. In this Chapter we highlight the importance of studying motivation at multiple levels to better understand the conditions that support effort-based learning strategies relative to aut ..."
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The common belief that motivation involves simply “trying harder ” is at best simplistic and at worst is inaccurate. In this Chapter we highlight the importance of studying motivation at multiple levels to better understand the conditions that support effort-based learning strategies relative to automatic learning strategies (global motivation, local motivation) and demonstrate how effective these approaches are when seeking immediate or long-run rewards (task-directed). Global motivations represent the overall goal of approaching positive outcomes (e.g., a raise or bonus) or avoiding negative outcomes (e.g., a demotion or pay cut). Local motivations represent the immediately relevant goal of approaching positive feedback (e.g., maximizing rewards or making someone happy) or avoiding negative feedback (e.g., minimizing punishments or avoiding making someone angry). Global and local motivational states interact to influence the competition between executive and automatic strategies. An approach-approach or avoid-avoid match shifts the bias toward cognitive control whereas a mismatch shifts the bias toward habitual procedural processing. The effects of each of these strategies during learning depend on task-demands. Task-directed motivation reflects whether the task is goal-directed, relying heavily on cognitive control processes, or is reward-based, relying on habitual procedural processes. Thus, performance in a task critically depends on a complex three way interaction between local, global, and task-directed motivation. We extend this framework to normal aging and provide evidence from two studies that normal aging is associated with a bias toward reward-based processing. In addition, we argue that computational modeling techniques are underutilized.
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"... mi den rrel es d a r t i c l e i n f o Cognitive processes such as decision-making appear to be strongly affected by the presence of depressive symp-toms. Empirically, depressive symptoms have been shown to affect problem-solving (Elderkin-Thompson, Mintz, ..."
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mi den rrel es d a r t i c l e i n f o Cognitive processes such as decision-making appear to be strongly affected by the presence of depressive symp-toms. Empirically, depressive symptoms have been shown to affect problem-solving (Elderkin-Thompson, Mintz,
