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The Microeconomics of Household Collection of Wild Coffee in Ethiopia: Some Policy Implications for In-situ Conservation of Coffea arabica Genetic Diversity 1
"... World-wide cultivated arabica coffee is a native plant to Ethiopian highlands. Its wild populations can still be found in the fragmented montane rainforests of the country. To halt degradation and loss of the forest coffee genetic resources, the Ethiopian Government has established in-situ conservat ..."
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World-wide cultivated arabica coffee is a native plant to Ethiopian highlands. Its wild populations can still be found in the fragmented montane rainforests of the country. To halt degradation and loss of the forest coffee genetic resources, the Ethiopian Government has established in-situ conservation areas in the south and southwestern montane rain forest regions of the country. However, there are several thousands of people who have been and still are dependent on the wild coffee populations from these forests for direct consumption and/or market sales. Thus, policy makers need to consider the needs and economic options of the local people in the periphery, so as to create a win-win relationship between conservation and local agricultural development. This paper substantiates the interface between the forest coffee genetic resources and the local agriculture by exploring the economic importance to farm families of wild coffee from the Geba-Dogi forest coffee conservation area, Southwest Ethiopia. A random sample of 121 farm families was used in this empirical study. Descripitive results demonstrate the very different resource use behavior of the population and the diversity of the (local) people living in the periphery in terms of socioeconomic interests, skills, culture, demographic history, resource use behavior and wealth. Probit regression indicates that household collection of wild coffee from the protected site is positively and significantly associated with family size, ownership of adjacent farm plot, and maleheadship of the household. Number of economically active (adult) labor in the family, distances to the nearest market town and the edge of protected site are found to exert significant disincentives to wild coffee collection portfolio in the peasant household economy.
The effectiveness of access and benefit sharing in Costa Rica: Implications for national and international regimes
- Ecological Economics
, 2005
"... Abstract The Convention on Biological Diversity provides an international framework to ensure conservation and sustainable use of genetic resources. The realization of these objectives is based on the state's sovereignty over its biological resources and the idea of a fair and equitable sharin ..."
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Abstract The Convention on Biological Diversity provides an international framework to ensure conservation and sustainable use of genetic resources. The realization of these objectives is based on the state's sovereignty over its biological resources and the idea of a fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising out of the utilization of genetic resources. Due to the enormous technical progress in biotechnology the demand for genetic resources increases especially within the pharmaceutical industry and the agribusiness, whereas the biological diversity and with it the supply of diverse genetic resources decreases. The concept of access and benefit sharing takes these developments into consideration and creates a market for biological resources. We identify critical factors which can influence the effectiveness of this concept such as: assignment of property and intellectual property rights, enforcement problems, and bargaining power. Applying these factors to evaluate the access and benefit sharing regime in Costa Rica we identify the specifications of these critical factors which favor economic development and sustain biodiversity at the same time. We then discuss possible lessons of the Costa Rican experience for other biodiversity-rich countries. D
How to Break the Deadlock Preventing a Fair and Rational Use of Biodiversity’, The
- Journal of World Intellectual Property
, 2008
"... Sixteen years after the adoption of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), the hopes in successful exploitation of genetic resources for the benefit of biodiversity-rich host countries, as well as of humanity at large, have not materialized. Instead of aiming all efforts at achieving ‘‘the co ..."
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Sixteen years after the adoption of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), the hopes in successful exploitation of genetic resources for the benefit of biodiversity-rich host countries, as well as of humanity at large, have not materialized. Instead of aiming all efforts at achieving ‘‘the conservation of biological diversity, the sustainable use of its components and the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising out of the utilization of genetic resources’’, the defined objectives of the CBD, based on the logical pattern that benefit sharing presupposes a generation of benefits, which in turn presupposes successful utilization of genetic resources, the international debate is captured by more or less politicized and fruitless debates as to how to anchor internationally in patent law a requirement of indication of origin of biological material. Here some reflections on the recent negotiations within the World Trade Organization and the World Intellectual Property Organization are offered. However, the main focus is on national access and benefit-sharing legislation of some biodiversity-rich countries, which although is the key for achieving the CBD objectives, has not been paid the attention it necessitates. Based on a catalogue of questions of high practical importance, laws of Brazil,
