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652
Shape Matching and Object Recognition Using Shape Contexts
- IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
, 2001
"... We present a novel approach to measuring similarity between shapes and exploit it for object recognition. In our framework, the measurement of similarity is preceded by (1) solv- ing for correspondences between points on the two shapes, (2) using the correspondences to estimate an aligning transform ..."
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Cited by 1787 (21 self)
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We present a novel approach to measuring similarity between shapes and exploit it for object recognition. In our framework, the measurement of similarity is preceded by (1) solv- ing for correspondences between points on the two shapes, (2) using the correspondences to estimate an aligning transform. In order to solve the correspondence problem, we attach a descriptor, the shape context, to each point. The shape context at a reference point captures the distribution of the remaining points relative to it, thus offering a globally discriminative characterization. Corresponding points on two similar shapes will have similar shape con- texts, enabling us to solve for correspondences as an optimal assignment problem. Given the point correspondences, we estimate the transformation that best aligns the two shapes; reg- ularized thin plate splines provide a flexible class of transformation maps for this purpose. The dissimilarity between the two shapes is computed as a sum of matching errors between corresponding points, together with a term measuring the magnitude of the aligning trans- form. We treat recognition in a nearest-neighbor classification framework as the problem of finding the stored prototype shape that is maximally similar to that in the image. Results are presented for silhouettes, trademarks, handwritten digits and the COIL dataset.
Detecting faces in images: A survey
- IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON PATTERN ANALYSIS AND MACHINE INTELLIGENCE
, 2002
"... Images containing faces are essential to intelligent vision-based human computer interaction, and research efforts in face processing include face recognition, face tracking, pose estimation, and expression recognition. However, many reported methods assume that the faces in an image or an image se ..."
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Cited by 831 (4 self)
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Images containing faces are essential to intelligent vision-based human computer interaction, and research efforts in face processing include face recognition, face tracking, pose estimation, and expression recognition. However, many reported methods assume that the faces in an image or an image sequence have been identified and localized. To build fully automated systems that analyze the information contained in face images, robust and efficient face detection algorithms are required. Given a single image, the goal of face detection is to identify all image regions which contain a face regardless of its three-dimensional position, orientation, and the lighting conditions. Such a problem is challenging because faces are nonrigid and have a high degree of variability in size, shape, color, and texture. Numerous techniques have been developed to detect faces in a single image, and the purpose of this paper is to categorize and evaluate these algorithms. We also discuss relevant issues such as data collection, evaluation metrics, and benchmarking. After analyzing these algorithms and identifying their limitations, we conclude with several promising directions for future research.
Pictorial Structures for Object Recognition
- IJCV
, 2003
"... In this paper we present a statistical framework for modeling the appearance of objects. Our work is motivated by the pictorial structure models introduced by Fischler and Elschlager. The basic idea is to model an object by a collection of parts arranged in a deformable configuration. The appearance ..."
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Cited by 818 (16 self)
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In this paper we present a statistical framework for modeling the appearance of objects. Our work is motivated by the pictorial structure models introduced by Fischler and Elschlager. The basic idea is to model an object by a collection of parts arranged in a deformable configuration. The appearance of each part is modeled separately, and the deformable configuration is represented by spring-like connections between pairs of parts. These models allow for qualitative descriptions of visual appearance, and are suitable for generic recognition problems. We use these models to address the problem of detecting an object in an image as well as the problem of learning an object model from training examples, and present efficient algorithms for both these problems. We demonstrate the techniques by learning models that represent faces and human bodies and using the resulting models to locate the corresponding objects in novel images.
Shape matching and object recognition using low distortion correspondence
- In CVPR
, 2005
"... We approach recognition in the framework of deformable shape matching, relying on a new algorithm for finding correspondences between feature points. This algorithm sets up correspondence as an integer quadratic programming problem, where the cost function has terms based on similarity of correspond ..."
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Cited by 421 (15 self)
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We approach recognition in the framework of deformable shape matching, relying on a new algorithm for finding correspondences between feature points. This algorithm sets up correspondence as an integer quadratic programming problem, where the cost function has terms based on similarity of corresponding geometric blur point descriptors as well as the geometric distortion between pairs of corresponding feature points. The algorithm handles outliers, and thus enables matching of exemplars to query images in the presence of occlusion and clutter. Given the correspondences, we estimate an aligning transform, typically a regularized thin plate spline, resulting in a dense correspondence between the two shapes. Object recognition is then handled in a nearest neighbor framework where the distance between exemplar and query is the matching cost between corresponding points. We show results on two datasets. One is the Caltech 101 dataset (Fei-Fei, Fergus and Perona), an extremely challenging dataset with large intraclass variation. Our approach yields a 48 % correct classification rate, compared to Fei-Fei et al’s 16%. We also show results for localizing frontal and profile faces that are comparable to special purpose approaches tuned to faces. 1.
Statistical shape influence in geodesic active contours
- In Proc. 2000 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), Hilton Head, SC
, 2000
"... A novel method of incorporating shape information into the image segmentation process is presented. We introduce a representation for deformable shapes and define a probability distribution over the variances of a set of training shapes. The segmentation process embeds an initial curve as the zero l ..."
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Cited by 393 (4 self)
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A novel method of incorporating shape information into the image segmentation process is presented. We introduce a representation for deformable shapes and define a probability distribution over the variances of a set of training shapes. The segmentation process embeds an initial curve as the zero level set of a higher dimensional surface, and evolves the surface such that the zero level set converges on the boundary of the object to be segmented. At each step of the surface evolution, we estimate the maximum a posteriori (MAP) position and shape of the object in the image, based on the prior shape information and the image information. We then evolve the surface globally, towards the MAP estimate, and locally, based on image gradients and curvature. Results are demonstrated on synthetic data and medical imagery, in 2D and 3D. 1
A New Point Matching Algorithm for Non-Rigid Registration
, 2002
"... Feature-based methods for non-rigid registration frequently encounter the correspondence problem. Regardless of whether points, lines, curves or surface parameterizations are used, feature-based non-rigid matching requires us to automatically solve for correspondences between two sets of features. I ..."
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Cited by 362 (3 self)
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Feature-based methods for non-rigid registration frequently encounter the correspondence problem. Regardless of whether points, lines, curves or surface parameterizations are used, feature-based non-rigid matching requires us to automatically solve for correspondences between two sets of features. In addition, there could be many features in either set that have no counterparts in the other. This outlier rejection problem further complicates an already di#cult correspondence problem. We formulate feature-based non-rigid registration as a non-rigid point matching problem. After a careful review of the problem and an in-depth examination of two types of methods previously designed for rigid robust point matching (RPM), we propose a new general framework for non-rigid point matching. We consider it a general framework because it does not depend on any particular form of spatial mapping. We have also developed an algorithm---the TPS-RPM algorithm---with the thin-plate spline (TPS) as the parameterization of the non-rigid spatial mapping and the softassign for the correspondence. The performance of the TPS-RPM algorithm is demonstrated and validated in a series of carefully designed synthetic experiments. In each of these experiments, an empirical comparison with the popular iterated closest point (ICP) algorithm is also provided. Finally, we apply the algorithm to the problem of non-rigid registration of cortical anatomical structures which is required in brain mapping. While these results are somewhat preliminary, they clearly demonstrate the applicability of our approach to real world tasks involving feature-based non-rigid registration.
One-shot learning of object categories
- IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON PATTERN ANALYSIS AND MACHINE INTELLIGENCE
, 2006
"... Learning visual models of object categories notoriously requires hundreds or thousands of training examples. We show that it is possible to learn much information about a category from just one, or a handful, of images. The key insight is that, rather than learning from scratch, one can take advant ..."
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Cited by 360 (22 self)
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Learning visual models of object categories notoriously requires hundreds or thousands of training examples. We show that it is possible to learn much information about a category from just one, or a handful, of images. The key insight is that, rather than learning from scratch, one can take advantage of knowledge coming from previously learned categories, no matter how different these categories might be. We explore a Bayesian implementation of this idea. Object categories are represented by probabilistic models. Prior knowledge is represented as a probability density function on the parameters of these models. The posterior model for an object category is obtained by updating the prior in the light of one or more observations. We test a simple implementation of our algorithm on a database of 101 diverse object categories. We compare category models learned by an implementation of our Bayesian approach to models learned from by Maximum Likelihood (ML) and Maximum A Posteriori (MAP) methods. We find that on a database of more than 100 categories, the Bayesian approach produces informative models when the number of training examples is too small for other methods to operate successfully.
A search engine for 3d models
- ACM Transactions on Graphics
, 2003
"... As the number of 3D models available on the Web grows, there is an increasing need for a search engine to help people find them. Unfortunately, traditional text-based search techniques are not always effective for 3D data. In this paper, we investigate new shape-based search methods. The key challen ..."
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Cited by 314 (22 self)
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As the number of 3D models available on the Web grows, there is an increasing need for a search engine to help people find them. Unfortunately, traditional text-based search techniques are not always effective for 3D data. In this paper, we investigate new shape-based search methods. The key challenges are to develop query methods simple enough for novice users and matching algorithms robust enough to work for arbitrary polygonal models. We present a web-based search engine system that supports queries based on 3D sketches, 2D sketches, 3D
Support vector machines for 3-D object recognition
- PATTERN ANALYSIS AND MACHINE INTELLIGENCE
, 1998
"... Support Vector Machines (SVMs) have been recently proposed as a new technique for pattern recognition. Intuitively, given a set of points which belong to either of two classes, a linear SVM finds the hyperplane leaving the largest possible fraction of points of the same class on the same side, while ..."
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Cited by 247 (14 self)
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Support Vector Machines (SVMs) have been recently proposed as a new technique for pattern recognition. Intuitively, given a set of points which belong to either of two classes, a linear SVM finds the hyperplane leaving the largest possible fraction of points of the same class on the same side, while maximizing the distance of either class from the hyperplane. The hyperplane is determined by a subset of the points of the two classes, named support vectors, and has a number of interesting theoretical properties. In this paper, we use linear SVMs for 3D object recognition. We illustrate the potential of SVMs on a database of 7,200 images of 100 different objects. The proposed system does not require feature extraction and performs recognition on images regarded as points of a space of high dimension without estimating pose. The excellent recognition rates achieved in all the performed experiments indicate that SVMs are well-suited for aspect-based recognition.
