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...ancy reduction [1] an idea that for the last few years has been gaining momentum for many perceptual applications. More recently it has been applied to the polyphonic music transcription problem [2], =-=[3]-=- with very encouraging results. In this paper we pursue the same approach using a different computational angle. We show that it is possible to efficiently perform polyphonic music transcription using...

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...unt of pollutant emitted by a factory is nonnegative [4], the probability of a particular topic appearing in a linguistic document is nonnegative [5] and note volumes in musical audio are nonnegative =-=[6]-=-. Several authors have proposed methods to solve (2) with nonnegativity constraints. In environmental modeling, Paatero and Tapper [4] introduced positive matrix factorization (PMF) as a method of sol...

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...in this paper is to consider a computational framework to move us closer to a practical solution of this problem. Music transcription has attracted significant research effort in the past—see [6] and =-=[9]-=- for a detailed review of early and more recent work, respectively. In speech processing, the related task of tracking the pitch of a single speaker is a fundamental problem and methods proposed in th...

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...l re-processing (see figure 2.10). While the IPUS scheme was never specifically applied to musical audio transcription, Martin [216, 217], Godsmark [125] and various researchers at Queen Mary, London =-=[18, 19, 21, 232, 233, 270]-=- have all used blackboard systems for musical transcription purposes. Blackboard systems, on first glance, seem a good way of combining top-down priors withs2.4. Polyphonic Transcription Review 43 SOU...

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...roblem; but the case of polyphonic music remains a largely open question. To address this issue, most of the proposed approaches rely on prior knowledge (e.g. signal models [1] or supervised learning =-=[2, 3]-=-) and/or frame-by-frame low-level analysis. The main weakness of this kind of methods is their low capacity to adapt to signals that do not comply with the model. In order to avoid this drawback, a mo...

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...o a signal model, in which the data is represented in terms of a small number of active elements chosen out of a larger set. Sparse coding has been used for audio signal separation by Plumbley et al. =-=[15]-=-, Abdallah [16], and Benaroya, Donagh, 1sBimbot, and Gribonval [17]. The non-negative sparse coding algorithm proposed by Hoyer [18] combines non-negative matrix factorization and sparse coding. With ...

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...tion of polyphonic music based on this sparse ICA approach. We will describe a sparse coding ICA system which operates on a single musical audio spectral sequence rather than multiple audio waveforms =-=[4]-=-. The intention is that observed spectra can be considered to approximate a mixture of the spectra of individual musical notes, and the notes will be “more independent” and “more sparse” than the orig...

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...nophonic files are relatively advanced compared to polyphonic transcription systems. Improvements in transcribing polyphonic audio data has been made in recent years (Martin 1996; von Schroeter 2000; =-=Plumbley et al 2002-=-; Bello and Sandler 2003). Extensive research in the UK is ongoing in this area at the Centre for Digital Music at Queen Mary, University of London (http://www.elec.qmul.ac.uk/digitalmusic). Automatic...

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...al blind separation techniques such as independent component analysis with prior knowledge. Notes were identified as salient features when applying non-negative sparse coding to STFT spectra[88], and =-=[89]-=- reviews several transcription methods based upon blackboard models, multiple-cause models, independent component analysis and sparse coding. Two iterative subtractive methods were presented in [90] f...