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The nature of individual differences in working memory capacity: Active maintenance in primary memory and controlled search from secondary memory
- Psychological Review
, 2007
"... Studies examining individual differences in working memory capacity have suggested that individuals with low working memory capacities demonstrate impaired performance on a variety of attention and memory tasks compared with individuals with high working memory capacities. This working memory limita ..."
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Cited by 98 (10 self)
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Studies examining individual differences in working memory capacity have suggested that individuals with low working memory capacities demonstrate impaired performance on a variety of attention and memory tasks compared with individuals with high working memory capacities. This working memory limitation can be conceived of as arising from 2 components: a dynamic attention component (primary memory) and a probabilistic cue-dependent search component (secondary memory). This framework is used to examine previous individual differences studies of working memory capacity, and new evidence is examined on the basis of predictions of the framework to performance on immediate free recall. It is suggested that individual differences in working memory capacity are partially due to the ability to maintain information accessible in primary memory and the ability to search for information from secondary memory.
The Simultaneous Type, Serial Token Model of Temporal Attention and Working Memory
- Psychological Review
, 2007
"... A detailed description of the simultaneous type, serial token (ST 2) model is presented. ST 2 is a model of temporal attention and working memory that encapsulates 5 principles: (a) M. M. Chun and M. C. Potter’s (1995) 2-stage model, (b) a Stage 1 salience filter, (c) N. G. Kanwisher’s (1987, 1991) ..."
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Cited by 75 (18 self)
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A detailed description of the simultaneous type, serial token (ST 2) model is presented. ST 2 is a model of temporal attention and working memory that encapsulates 5 principles: (a) M. M. Chun and M. C. Potter’s (1995) 2-stage model, (b) a Stage 1 salience filter, (c) N. G. Kanwisher’s (1987, 1991) types–tokens distinction, (d) a transient attentional enhancement, and (e) a mechanism for associating types with tokens called the binding pool. The authors instantiate this theoretical position in a connectionist implementation, called neural-ST 2, which they illustrate by modeling temporal attention results focused on the attentional blink (AB). They demonstrate that the ST 2 model explains a spectrum of AB findings. Furthermore, they highlight a number of new temporal attention predictions arising from the ST 2 theory, which are tested in a series of behavioral experiments. Finally, the authors review major AB models and theories and compare them with ST 2.
A temporal ratio model of memory
- Psychological Review
, 2007
"... A model of memory retrieval is described. The model embodies 4 main claims: (a) temporal memory— traces of items are represented in memory partly in terms of their temporal distance from the present; (b) scale-similarity—similar mechanisms govern retrieval from memory over many different timescales; ..."
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Cited by 74 (4 self)
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A model of memory retrieval is described. The model embodies 4 main claims: (a) temporal memory— traces of items are represented in memory partly in terms of their temporal distance from the present; (b) scale-similarity—similar mechanisms govern retrieval from memory over many different timescales; (c) local distinctiveness—performance on a range of memory tasks is determined by interference from near psychological neighbors; and (d) interference-based forgetting—all memory loss is due to interference and not trace decay. The model is applied to data on free recall and serial recall. The account emphasizes qualitative similarity in the retrieval principles involved in memory performance at all timescales, contrary to models that emphasize distinctions between short-term and long-term memory.
Short-term memory for serial order: A recurrent neural network model
- Psychological Review
, 2006
"... Despite a century of research, the mechanisms underlying short-term or working memory for serial order remain uncertain. Recent theoretical models have converged on a particular account, based on transient associations between independent item and context representations. In the present article, the ..."
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Cited by 53 (5 self)
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Despite a century of research, the mechanisms underlying short-term or working memory for serial order remain uncertain. Recent theoretical models have converged on a particular account, based on transient associations between independent item and context representations. In the present article, the authors present an alternative model, according to which sequence information is encoded through sustained patterns of activation within a recurrent neural network architecture. As demonstrated through a series of computer simulations, the model provides a parsimonious account for numerous benchmark characteristics of immediate serial recall, including data that have been considered to preclude the application of recurrent neural networks in this domain. Unlike most competing accounts, the model deals naturally with findings concerning the role of background knowledge in serial recall and makes contact with relevant neuroscientific data. Furthermore, the model gives rise to numerous testable predictions that differentiate it from competing theories. Taken together, the results presented indicate that recurrent neural networks may offer a useful framework for understanding short-term memory for serial order.
On the division of short-term and working memory: An examination of simple and complex spans and their relation to higher-order abilities
- Psychological Bulletin
"... Research has suggested that short-term memory and working memory (as measured by simple and complex span tasks, respectively) are separate constructs that are differentially related to higher order cognitive abilities. This claim is critically evaluated by reviewing research that has compared simple ..."
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Cited by 49 (3 self)
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Research has suggested that short-term memory and working memory (as measured by simple and complex span tasks, respectively) are separate constructs that are differentially related to higher order cognitive abilities. This claim is critically evaluated by reviewing research that has compared simple and complex span tasks in both experimental and correlational studies. In addition, a meta-analysis and re-analyses of key data sets were conducted. The review and analyses suggest that simple and complex span tasks largely measure the same basic subcomponent processes (e.g., rehearsal, maintenance, updating, controlled search) but differ in the extent to which these processes operate in a particular task. These differences largely depend on the extent to which phonological processes are maximized and variability from long list lengths is present. Potential methodological, psychometric, and assessment implications are discussed and a theoretical account of the data is proposed.
A context maintenance and retrieval model of organizational processes in free recall
, 2008
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A contextbased theory of recency and contiguity in free recall
- Psychological Review
, 2008
"... The authors present a new model of free recall on the basis of M. W. Howard and M. J. Kahana’s (2002a) temporal context model and M. Usher and J. L. McClelland’s (2001) leaky-accumulator decision model. In this model, contextual drift gives rise to both short-term and long-term recency effects, and ..."
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Cited by 43 (19 self)
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The authors present a new model of free recall on the basis of M. W. Howard and M. J. Kahana’s (2002a) temporal context model and M. Usher and J. L. McClelland’s (2001) leaky-accumulator decision model. In this model, contextual drift gives rise to both short-term and long-term recency effects, and contextual retrieval gives rise to short-term and long-term contiguity effects. Recall decisions are controlled by a race between competitive leaky accumulators. The model captures the dynamics of immediate, delayed, and continual distractor free recall, demonstrating that dissociations between short- and long-term recency can naturally arise from a model in which an internal contextual state is used as the sole cue for retrieval across time scales.
Two is not always better than one: A critical evaluation of twosystem theories
- Perspectives on Psychological Science
, 2009
"... ABSTRACT—Over the past two decades, there has been an upsurge in theoretical frameworks alluding to the exis-tence of two different processing systems that supposedly operate according to different rules. This article critically examines the scientific advance offered by these theories (in particula ..."
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Cited by 40 (3 self)
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ABSTRACT—Over the past two decades, there has been an upsurge in theoretical frameworks alluding to the exis-tence of two different processing systems that supposedly operate according to different rules. This article critically examines the scientific advance offered by these theories (in particular advances in the domains of reasoning, decision making, and social cognition) and questions their theoretical coherence as well as the evidence for their existence. We scrutinize the conceptual underpinnings of two-system models and explicate the assumptions underlying these models to see whether they are reason-able. We also evaluate the empirical paradigms used to validate two-system models and ponder about their explanatory strength and predictive power. Given the popularity of these models, we discuss the appeal of
Associative retrieval processes in episodic memory
, 2008
"... This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the College of Arts and Sciences at SURFACE. It has been accepted for inclusion in ..."
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Cited by 18 (11 self)
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This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the College of Arts and Sciences at SURFACE. It has been accepted for inclusion in
Theoretical Correlations and Measured Correlations: Relating Recognition and Recall . . .
, 2003
"... This paper considers the relation between item recognition and cued recall -- two standard measures of episodic memory. Going beyond measures of performance on each task, we examine the degree to which correlations between successful recognition and successful recall of a single studied episode re ..."
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Cited by 13 (3 self)
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This paper considers the relation between item recognition and cued recall -- two standard measures of episodic memory. Going beyond measures of performance on each task, we examine the degree to which correlations between successful recognition and successful recall of a single studied episode reflect the commonality of memory processes underlying the two tasks. Specifically, we consider whether four computational memory models (local and global match versions of both matrix and convolution-correlation models) can account for the relatively invariant correlation (# 0.5) between successive recognition and recall tests. Whereas basic versions of each model cannot account for the correlation, versions that take into account variability in goodness-of-encoding and in response criteria, as well as output encoding, are able to account for the level of dependency between tasks. These elaborated models also succeeded in fitting data from two new experiments that manipulated the level of variability in goodness-of-encoding across conditions. This model-
