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99
Mapping the backbone of science
- SCIENTOMETRICS
, 2005
"... This paper presents a new map representing the structure of all of science, based on journal articles, including both the natural and social sciences. Similar to cartographic maps of our world, the map of science provides a bird’s eye view of today’s scientific landscape. It can be used to visually ..."
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Cited by 99 (4 self)
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This paper presents a new map representing the structure of all of science, based on journal articles, including both the natural and social sciences. Similar to cartographic maps of our world, the map of science provides a bird’s eye view of today’s scientific landscape. It can be used to visually identify major areas of science, their size, similarity, and interconnectedness. In order to be useful, the map needs to be accurate on a local and on a global scale. While our recent work has focused on the former aspect, 1 this paper summarizes results on how to achieve structural accuracy. Eight alternative measures of journal similarity were applied to a data set of 7,121 journals covering over 1 million documents in the combined Science Citation and Social Science Citation Indexes. For each journal similarity measure we generated two-dimensional spatial layouts using the force-directed graph layout tool, VxOrd. Next, mutual information values were calculated for each graph at different clustering levels to give a measure of structural accuracy for each map. The best co-citation and inter-citation maps according to local and structural accuracy were selected and are presented and characterized. These two maps are compared to establish robustness. The inter-citation map is then used to examine linkages between disciplines. Biochemistry appears as the most interdisciplinary discipline in science.
Mapping of science by combined cocitation and word analysis
- II. dynamical aspects, Journal American Society Information Science
, 1991
"... The claim that co-citation analysis is a useful tool to map subject-matter specialties of scientific research in a given period, is examined. A method has been devel-oped using quantitative analysis of content-words re-lated to publications in order to: (1) study coherence of research topics within ..."
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Cited by 72 (2 self)
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The claim that co-citation analysis is a useful tool to map subject-matter specialties of scientific research in a given period, is examined. A method has been devel-oped using quantitative analysis of content-words re-lated to publications in order to: (1) study coherence of research topics within sets of publications citing clus-ters, i.e., (part of) the “current work ” of a specialty; (2) to study differences in research topics between sets of publications citing different clusters; and (3) to evalu-ate recall of “current work ” publications concerning the specialties identified by co-citation analysis. Empirical support is found for the claim that co-citation analysis identifies indeed subject-matter specialties. However, different clusters may identify the same specialty, and results are far from complete concerning the identified “current work. ” These results are in accordance with the opinion of some experts in the fields. Low recall of co-citation analysis concerning the “current work ” of specialties is shown to be related to the way in which researchers build their work on earlier publications: the “missed ” publications equally build on very recent ear-lier work, but are less “consensual ” and/or less “atten-tive ” in their referencing practice. Evaluation of national research performance using co-citation analysis ap-pears to be biased by this “incompleteness.”
A review of bibliometric and other science indicators and their role in research evaluation
- Journal oflnformation Science
, 1987
"... Recent reductions in research budgets have led to the need for greater selectivity in resource allocation. Measures of past performance are still among the most promising means of deciding between competing interests. Bibliometry, the mea-surement of scientific publications and of their impact on th ..."
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Cited by 45 (0 self)
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Recent reductions in research budgets have led to the need for greater selectivity in resource allocation. Measures of past performance are still among the most promising means of deciding between competing interests. Bibliometry, the mea-surement of scientific publications and of their impact on the scientific community, assessed by the citations they attract, provides a portfolio of indicators that can be combined to give a useful picture of recent research activity. In this state-of-the-art review the various methodologies that have been developed are outlined in terms of their strengths, weaknesses and par-ticular applications. The present limitations of science indica-tors in research evaluation are considered and some future directions for developments in techniques are suggested.
A Global Map of Science Based on the ISI Subject Categories
, 2007
"... The ISI subject categories classify journals included in the Science Citation Index (SCI). The aggregated journal-journal citation matrix contained in the Journal Citation Reports can be aggregated on the basis of these categories. This leads to an asymmetrical transaction matrix (citing versus cite ..."
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Cited by 45 (11 self)
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The ISI subject categories classify journals included in the Science Citation Index (SCI). The aggregated journal-journal citation matrix contained in the Journal Citation Reports can be aggregated on the basis of these categories. This leads to an asymmetrical transaction matrix (citing versus cited) which is much more densely populated than the underlying matrix at the journal level. Exploratory factor analysis leads us to opt for a fourteen-factor solution. This solution can easily be interpreted as the disciplinary structure of science. The nested maps of science (corresponding to 14 factors, 172 categories, and 6,164 journals) are brought online at
Tracking and predicting growth areas in science
- Scientometrics
, 2006
"... We explore the possibility of using co-citation clusters over three time periods to track the emergence and growth of research areas, and predict their near term change. Data sets are from three overlapping six-year periods : 1996-2001, 1997-2002 and 1998-2003. The methodologies of co-citation clus ..."
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Cited by 35 (0 self)
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We explore the possibility of using co-citation clusters over three time periods to track the emergence and growth of research areas, and predict their near term change. Data sets are from three overlapping six-year periods : 1996-2001, 1997-2002 and 1998-2003. The methodologies of co-citation clustering, mapping, and string formation are reviewed, and a measure of cluster currency is defined as the average age of highly cited papers relative to the year span of the data set. An association is found between the currency variable in a prior period and the percentage change in cluster size and citation frequency in the following period. The conflating factor of "single-issue clusters" is discussed and dealt with using a new metric called in-group citation.
Bibliometrics as a research field -- A course on theory and application of bibliometric indicators
, 2003
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Mapping the Geography of Science: Distribution Patterns and Networks of Relations among Cities and Institutes Journal of the American Society for Information Science & Technology
"... Using Google Earth, Google Maps, and/or network visualization programs such as Pajek, one can overlay the network of relations among addresses in scientific publications onto the geographic map. We discuss the pros and cons of various options, and provide software (freeware) for bridging existing ga ..."
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Cited by 17 (3 self)
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Using Google Earth, Google Maps, and/or network visualization programs such as Pajek, one can overlay the network of relations among addresses in scientific publications onto the geographic map. We discuss the pros and cons of various options, and provide software (freeware) for bridging existing gaps between the Science Citation Indices and Scopus, on the one hand, and these various visualization tools on the other. At the level of city names, the global map can be drawn reliably on the basis of the available address information. At the level of the names of organizations and institutes, there are problems of unification both in the ISI-databases and with Scopus. Pajek enables us to combine the visualization with statistical analysis, whereas the Google Maps and its derivatives provide superior tools at the Internet.
Metaphors and diaphors in science communication: Mapping the case of ‘stem-cell research
- Science Communication
, 2005
"... “Stem-cell research ” has become a subject of political discussion in recent years because of its social and ethical implications. The intellectual research program, however, has a history of several decades. Therapeutic applications and patents on the basis of stem-cell research became available du ..."
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Cited by 11 (3 self)
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“Stem-cell research ” has become a subject of political discussion in recent years because of its social and ethical implications. The intellectual research program, however, has a history of several decades. Therapeutic applications and patents on the basis of stem-cell research became available during the 1990s. Currently, the main applications of stem-cell research are found in marrow transplantation (e.g., for the treatment of leukemia). In this study, the various meanings of the words “stem cell ” are examined in these different contexts of research, applications, and policy debates. Translation mechanisms between contexts are specified and a quantitative indicator for the degree of codification is proposed.
Scientific Communication and Cognitive Codification: Social Systems Theory and the Sociology of Scientific Knowledge
- European Journal of Social Theory
, 2007
"... The intellectual organization of the sciences cannot be appreciated sufficiently unless the cognitive dimension is considered as an independent source of variance. Cognitive structures interact and co-construct the organization of scholars and discourses into research programs, specialties, and disc ..."
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Cited by 11 (7 self)
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The intellectual organization of the sciences cannot be appreciated sufficiently unless the cognitive dimension is considered as an independent source of variance. Cognitive structures interact and co-construct the organization of scholars and discourses into research programs, specialties, and disciplines. In the sociology of scientific knowledge and the sociology of translation, these heterogeneous sources of variance have been homogenized a priori in the concepts of practices and actor-networks. Practices and actor-networks, however, can be explained in terms of the selforganization of the cognitive code in scientific communication. The code selects knowledge claims by organizing them operationally in the various discourses; the claims can thus be stabilized and potentially globalized. Both the selecting codes and the variation in the knowledge claims remain constructed, but the different subdynamics can be expected to operate asymmetrically and to update with other frequencies. Practices and the Pansemiosis of Actor-Networks
