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Atypical eye contact in autism: Models, mechanisms and development
- Neurosci. And biobehav. Reviews
, 2009
"... Abstract An atypical pattern of eye contact behaviour is one of the most significant symptoms of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Recent empirical advances have revealed the developmental, cognitive and neural basis of atypical eye contact behaviour in ASD. We review different models and advance a n ..."
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Abstract An atypical pattern of eye contact behaviour is one of the most significant symptoms of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Recent empirical advances have revealed the developmental, cognitive and neural basis of atypical eye contact behaviour in ASD. We review different models and advance a new 'fast-track modulator model'. Specifically, we propose that atypical eye contact processing in ASD originates in the lack of influence from a subcortical face and eye contact detection route, which is hypothesized to modulate eye contact processing and guide its emergent specialization during development.
Social perception in infancy: a near infrared spectroscopy study
- Child Development
, 2009
"... The capacity to engage and communicate in a social world is one of the defining characteristics of the human species. While the network of regions that compose the social brain have been the subject of extensive research in adults, there are limited techniques available for monitoring young infants. ..."
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Cited by 17 (2 self)
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The capacity to engage and communicate in a social world is one of the defining characteristics of the human species. While the network of regions that compose the social brain have been the subject of extensive research in adults, there are limited techniques available for monitoring young infants. This study used near infrared spectroscopy to investigate functional activation in the social brain network of 36 five-month-old infants. We measured the hemodynamic responses to visually presented stimuli in the temporal lobes. A significant increase in oxyhemoglobin was localized to 2 posterior temporal sites bilaterally, indicating that these areas are involved in the social brain network in young infants. While the network of regions that together compose the social brain have been the subject of extensive research in adults, their origins in infancy largely remain obscure. Part of the reason for this lack of knowledge is methodological. For a variety of reasons, it is very difficult to scan awake and conscious infants in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) protocols that involve visual pre-
Mapping functional brain development: Building a social brain through interactive specialization
- Developmental Psychology
, 2008
"... The authors review a viewpoint on human functional brain development, interactive specialization (IS), and its application to the emerging network of cortical regions referred to as the social brain. They advance the IS view in 2 new ways. First, they extend IS into a domain to which it has not prev ..."
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Cited by 15 (2 self)
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The authors review a viewpoint on human functional brain development, interactive specialization (IS), and its application to the emerging network of cortical regions referred to as the social brain. They advance the IS view in 2 new ways. First, they extend IS into a domain to which it has not previously been applied—the emergence of social cognition and mentalizing computations in the brain. Second, they extend the implications of the IS view from the emergence of specialized functions within a cortical region to a focus on how different cortical regions with complementary functions become orchestrated into networks during human postnatal development.
Preschoolers use intentional and pedagogical cues to guide inductive inferences and exploration. Child Dev. 83, 1416–1428. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2012.01775.x Cameron-Faulkner
- Trends Cogn. Sci
, 2012
"... Children are judicious social learners. They may be particularly sensitive to communicative actions done pedagogically for their benefit, as such actions may mark important, generalizable information. Three experi-ments (N = 224) found striking differences in preschoolers ’ inductive generalization ..."
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Children are judicious social learners. They may be particularly sensitive to communicative actions done pedagogically for their benefit, as such actions may mark important, generalizable information. Three experi-ments (N = 224) found striking differences in preschoolers ’ inductive generalization and exploration of a novel functional property, depending on whether identical evidence for the property was produced acciden-tally, intentionally, or pedagogically and communicatively. Results also revealed that although 4-year-olds reserved strong generalizations for a property that is pedagogically demonstrated, 3-year-olds made such inferences when it was produced either intentionally or pedagogically. These findings suggest that by age 4 children assess whether evidence is produced for their benefit in gauging generalizability, giving them a pow-erful tool for acquiring important kind-relevant, generic knowledge. A fundamental aspect of human cognition is our ability to learn from and teach others. Our ability to read others ’ intentions and engage in collaborative learning may provide the foundation for human culture, from law and government to industry and education (Gergely & Csibra, 2005; Tomasello, 1999). Children’s understanding of intentions is inherent to many domains, including word learning
Infants’ developing understanding of social gaze
- Child Development
, 2012
"... Young infants are sensitive to self-directed social actions, but do they appreciate the intentional, target-directed nature of such behaviors? The authors addressed this question by investigating infants' understanding of social gaze in third-party interactions (N = 104). Ten-month-old infants ..."
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Young infants are sensitive to self-directed social actions, but do they appreciate the intentional, target-directed nature of such behaviors? The authors addressed this question by investigating infants' understanding of social gaze in third-party interactions (N = 104). Ten-month-old infants discriminated between 2 people in mutual versus averted gaze, and expected a person to look at her social partner during conversation. In contrast, 9-month-old infants showed neither ability, even when provided with information that highlighted the gazer's social goals. These results indicate considerable improvement in infants' abilities to analyze the social gaze of others toward the end of their 1st year, which may relate to their appreciation of gaze as both a social and goal-directed action.
Selective cortical mapping of biological motion processing in young infants
, 2011
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How do children learn to follow gaze, share joint attention, . . .
- INVITED ARTICLE FOR THE NEURAL NETWORKS SPECIAL ISSUE ON SOCIAL COGNITION: FROM BABIES TO ROBOTS
, 2010
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, 2011
"... doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2011.00153 Do infants represent the face in a viewpoint-invariant manner? Neural adaptation study as measured by near-infrared spectroscopy ..."
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doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2011.00153 Do infants represent the face in a viewpoint-invariant manner? Neural adaptation study as measured by near-infrared spectroscopy
Action observation in the infant brain: The role of body form and motion
"... Much research has been carried out to understand how human brains make sense of another agent in motion. Current views based on human adult and monkey studies assume a matching process in the motor system biased toward actions performed by conspecifics and present in the observer’s motor repertoire. ..."
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Much research has been carried out to understand how human brains make sense of another agent in motion. Current views based on human adult and monkey studies assume a matching process in the motor system biased toward actions performed by conspecifics and present in the observer’s motor repertoire. However, little is known about the neural correlates of action cognition in early ontogeny. In this study, we examined the processes involved in the observation of full body movements in 4-month-old infants using functional near-infrared spectroscopy to measure localized brain activation. In a 2 × 2 design, infants watched human or robotic figures moving in a smooth, familiar human-like manner, or in a rigid, unfamiliar robot-like manner. We found that infant premotor cortex responded more strongly to observe robot-like motion compared with human-like motion. Contrary to cur-rent views, this suggests that the infant motor system is flexibly engaged by novel movement patterns. Moreover, temporal cortex responses indicate that infants integrate information about form and motion during action obser-vation. The response patterns obtained in premotor and temporal cortices during action observation in these young infants are very similar to those reported for adults. These findings thus suggest that the brain processes involved in the analysis of an agent in motion in adults become functionally specialized very early in human development.
