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1,083
Face Recognition: A Literature Survey
, 2000
"... ... This paper provides an up-to-date critical survey of still- and video-based face recognition research. There are two underlying motivations for us to write this survey paper: the first is to provide an up-to-date review of the existing literature, and the second is to offer some insights into ..."
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Cited by 1363 (21 self)
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... This paper provides an up-to-date critical survey of still- and video-based face recognition research. There are two underlying motivations for us to write this survey paper: the first is to provide an up-to-date review of the existing literature, and the second is to offer some insights into the studies of machine recognition of faces. To provide a comprehensive survey, we not only categorize existing recognition techniques but also present detailed descriptions of representative methods within each category. In addition,
Neural Network-Based Face Detection
- IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON PATTERN ANALYSIS AND MACHINE INTELLIGENCE
, 1998
"... We present a neural network-based upright frontal face detection system. A retinally connected neural network examines small windows of an image and decides whether each window contains a face. The system arbitrates between multiple networks to improve performance over a single network. We present ..."
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Cited by 1200 (28 self)
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We present a neural network-based upright frontal face detection system. A retinally connected neural network examines small windows of an image and decides whether each window contains a face. The system arbitrates between multiple networks to improve performance over a single network. We present a straightforward procedure for aligning positive face examples for training. To collect negative examples, we use a bootstrap algorithm, which adds false detections into the training set as training progresses. This eliminates the difficult task of manually selecting nonface training examples, which must be chosen to span the entire space of nonface images. Simple heuristics, such as using the fact that faces rarely overlap in images, can further improve the accuracy. Comparisons with several other state-of-the-art face detection systems are presented, showing that our system has comparable performance in terms of detection and false-positive rates.
Detecting faces in images: A survey
- IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON PATTERN ANALYSIS AND MACHINE INTELLIGENCE
, 2002
"... Images containing faces are essential to intelligent vision-based human computer interaction, and research efforts in face processing include face recognition, face tracking, pose estimation, and expression recognition. However, many reported methods assume that the faces in an image or an image se ..."
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Cited by 831 (4 self)
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Images containing faces are essential to intelligent vision-based human computer interaction, and research efforts in face processing include face recognition, face tracking, pose estimation, and expression recognition. However, many reported methods assume that the faces in an image or an image sequence have been identified and localized. To build fully automated systems that analyze the information contained in face images, robust and efficient face detection algorithms are required. Given a single image, the goal of face detection is to identify all image regions which contain a face regardless of its three-dimensional position, orientation, and the lighting conditions. Such a problem is challenging because faces are nonrigid and have a high degree of variability in size, shape, color, and texture. Numerous techniques have been developed to detect faces in a single image, and the purpose of this paper is to categorize and evaluate these algorithms. We also discuss relevant issues such as data collection, evaluation metrics, and benchmarking. After analyzing these algorithms and identifying their limitations, we conclude with several promising directions for future research.
The science of emotional intelligence
, 2005
"... This article presents a framework for emotiolllJl intelligenCl!, a set of skills hypothesized to contribute to the accurate appraisal and expression of emotion in oneself and in others, the effective regulation of emotion in self and others, and the use of feelings to motivate, plan, and achieve in ..."
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Cited by 777 (35 self)
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This article presents a framework for emotiolllJl intelligenCl!, a set of skills hypothesized to contribute to the accurate appraisal and expression of emotion in oneself and in others, the effective regulation of emotion in self and others, and the use of feelings to motivate, plan, and achieve in one's life. We start by reviewing the debate about the adaptive versus maladaptive qualities of emotion. We then explore the literature on intelligence, and especiaUy social intelligence. to examine the place of emotion in traditional intelligence conceptions. A framework for integrating the research on emotion-related snUs Is then described. Next, we review the components of emotional intelligence. To conclude the review. the role of emotional intelligence in mental health is discussed and avenues for further investigation are suggested. Is "emotional intelligence " 8 contradiction in terms? One tradition in Western thought has viewed emotions as disorganized interruptions of mental activity, so potentially disruptive that they must be controlled. Writing in the first century B.C., Publilius Syrus stated, "Rule your feelings, lest your feelings rule you " [1}.
From Few to many: Illumination cone models for face recognition under variable lighting and pose
- IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
, 2001
"... We present a generative appearance-based method for recognizing human faces under variation in lighting and viewpoint. Our method exploits the fact that the set of images of an object in fixed pose, but under all possible illumination conditions, is a convex cone in the space of images. Using a smal ..."
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Cited by 747 (12 self)
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We present a generative appearance-based method for recognizing human faces under variation in lighting and viewpoint. Our method exploits the fact that the set of images of an object in fixed pose, but under all possible illumination conditions, is a convex cone in the space of images. Using a small number of training images of each face taken with different lighting directions, the shape and albedo of the face can be reconstructed. In turn, this reconstruction serves as a generative model that can be used to render—or synthesize—images of the face under novel poses and illumination conditions. The pose space is then sampled, and for each pose the corresponding illumination cone is approximated by a low-dimensional linear subspace whose basis vectors are estimated using the generative model. Our recognition algorithm assigns to a test image the identity of the closest approximated illumination cone (based on Euclidean distance within the image space). We test our face recognition method on 4050 images from the Yale Face Database B; these images contain 405 viewing conditions (9 poses ¢ 45 illumination conditions) for 10 individuals. The method performs almost without error, except on the most extreme lighting directions, and significantly outperforms popular recognition methods that do not use a generative model.
Face description with local binary patterns: Application to face recognition
- IEEE Trans. Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
, 2006
"... Abstract—This paper presents a novel and efficient facial image representation based on local binary pattern (LBP) texture features. The face image is divided into several regions from which the LBP feature distributions are extracted and concatenated into an enhanced feature vector to be used as a ..."
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Cited by 509 (27 self)
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Abstract—This paper presents a novel and efficient facial image representation based on local binary pattern (LBP) texture features. The face image is divided into several regions from which the LBP feature distributions are extracted and concatenated into an enhanced feature vector to be used as a face descriptor. The performance of the proposed method is assessed in the face recognition problem under different challenges. Other applications and several extensions are also discussed. Index Terms—Facial image representation, local binary pattern, component-based face recognition, texture features, face misalignment. Ç 1
How Iris Recognition Works
, 2003
"... Algorithms developed by the author for recogniz-ing persons by their iris patterns have now been tested in six field and laboratory trials, producing no false matches in several million comparison tests. The recognition principle is the failure of a test of statis-tical independence on iris phase st ..."
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Cited by 495 (4 self)
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Algorithms developed by the author for recogniz-ing persons by their iris patterns have now been tested in six field and laboratory trials, producing no false matches in several million comparison tests. The recognition principle is the failure of a test of statis-tical independence on iris phase structure encoded by multi-scale quadrature wavelets. The combinatorial complexity of this phase information across different persons spans about 244 degrees of freedom and gen-erates a discrimination entropy of about 3.2 bits/mm over the iris, enabling real-time decisions about per-sonal identity with extremely high confidence. The high confidence levels are important because they al-low very large databases to be searched exhaustively (one-to-many “identification mode”) without making any false matches, despite so many chances. Biomet-rics lacking this property can only survive one-to-one (“verification”) or few comparisons. This paper ex-plains the algorithms for iris recognition, and presents the results of 2.3 million comparisons among eye im-ages acquired in trials in Britain, the USA, and Japan. 1
PCA versus LDA
- IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON PATTERN ANALYSIS AND MACHINE INTELLIGENCE
, 2001
"... In the context of the appearance-based paradigm for object recognition, it is generally believed that algorithms based on LDA (Linear Discriminant Analysis) are superior to those based on PCA (Principal Components Analysis) . In this communication we show that this is not always the case. We present ..."
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Cited by 465 (16 self)
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In the context of the appearance-based paradigm for object recognition, it is generally believed that algorithms based on LDA (Linear Discriminant Analysis) are superior to those based on PCA (Principal Components Analysis) . In this communication we show that this is not always the case. We present our case first by using intuitively plausible arguments and then by showing actual results on a face database. Our overall conclusion is that when the training dataset is small, PCA can outperform LDA, and also that PCA is less sensitive to different training datasets. Keywords: face recognition, pattern recognition, principal components analysis, linear discriminant analysis, learning from undersampled distributions, small training datasets.
Labeled Faces in the Wild: A Database for Studying Face Recognition in Unconstrained Environments
"... Abstract — Face recognition has benefitted greatly from the many databases that have been produced to study it. Most of these databases have been created under controlled conditions to facilitate the study of specific parameters on the face recognition problem. These parameters include such variable ..."
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Cited by 438 (12 self)
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Abstract — Face recognition has benefitted greatly from the many databases that have been produced to study it. Most of these databases have been created under controlled conditions to facilitate the study of specific parameters on the face recognition problem. These parameters include such variables as position, pose, lighting, expression, background, camera quality, occlusion, age, and gender. While there are many applications for face recognition technology in which one can control the parameters of image acquisition, there are also many applications in which the practitioner has little or no control over such parameters. This database is provided as an aid in studying the latter, unconstrained, face recognition problem. The database represents an initial attempt to provide a set of labeled face photographs spanning the range of conditions typically encountered by people in their everyday lives. The database exhibits “natural ” variability in pose, lighting, focus, resolution, facial expression, age, gender, race, accessories, make-up, occlusions, background, and photographic quality. Despite this variability, the images in the database are presented in a simple and consistent format for maximum ease of use. In addition to describing the details of the database and its acquisition, we provide specific experimental paradigms for which the database is suitable. This is done in an effort to make research performed with the database as consistent and comparable as possible. I.
A survey on visual surveillance of object motion and behaviors
- IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics
, 2004
"... Abstract—Visual surveillance in dynamic scenes, especially for humans and vehicles, is currently one of the most active research topics in computer vision. It has a wide spectrum of promising applications, including access control in special areas, human identification at a distance, crowd flux stat ..."
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Cited by 430 (6 self)
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Abstract—Visual surveillance in dynamic scenes, especially for humans and vehicles, is currently one of the most active research topics in computer vision. It has a wide spectrum of promising applications, including access control in special areas, human identification at a distance, crowd flux statistics and congestion analysis, detection of anomalous behaviors, and interactive surveillance using multiple cameras, etc. In general, the processing framework of visual surveillance in dynamic scenes includes the following stages: modeling of environments, detection of motion, classification of moving objects, tracking, understanding and description of behaviors, human identification, and fusion of data from multiple cameras. We review recent developments and general strategies of all these stages. Finally, we analyze possible research directions, e.g., occlusion handling, a combination of twoand three-dimensional tracking, a combination of motion analysis and biometrics, anomaly detection and behavior prediction, content-based retrieval of surveillance videos, behavior understanding and natural language description, fusion of information from multiple sensors, and remote surveillance. Index Terms—Behavior understanding and description, fusion of data from multiple cameras, motion detection, personal identification, tracking, visual surveillance.
