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...er commodity NICs. Other systems address efficient packet transfer between VMs in a single server [19, 25, 26, 43], still others explore the trade-offs in hosting NFs in processes, containers, or VMs =-=[29, 34]-=-. All these systems address issues that are complementary but orthogonal to E2: these systems do not address the end-to-end NFV orchestration that E2 does (e.g., placement, scaling), but E2 (and the N...

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...s opposed to more complex multi-tenant services (§5). Unikernel frameworks are gaining traction for many domain-specific tasks including virtualizing network functions [29], eliminating I/O overheads =-=[20]-=-, building distributed systems [6] and providing a minimal trust base to secure existing systems [11, 7]. In Jitsu we use the open-source MirageOS2 written in OCaml, a statically type-safe language th...

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...s opposed to more complex multi-tenant services (§5). Unikernel frameworks are gaining traction for many domain-specific tasks including virtualizing network functions [29], eliminating I/O overheads =-=[20]-=-, building distributed systems [6] and providing a minimal trust base to secure existing systems [11, 7]. In Jitsu we use the open-source MirageOS2 written in OCaml, a statically type-safe language th...

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...of just one in the multi-threaded case. (3) Multiinstance approach entails costly communication through either shared memory or inter-process communication, which is more expensive compared to MBal’s inter-thread communication for server-local cachelet migration. (4) Recent works, e.g., from Twitter [4], have shown that multi-instance deployment makes cluster management more difficult. For example, in a cluster where each machine is provisioned with four instances, the multi-instance deployment quadruples management cost such as global monitoring. (5) Finally, emerging cloud operating systems [33, 39] are optimized for multi-threaded applications with some, such as OSv [33], supporting a single address space per virtual machine. Consequently, we have designed MBal while considering all the benefits of multi-threaded approach, as well as future portability of the system. 3. Multi-Phase Load Balancing MBal offers an adaptive load balancing approach that comprises different phases, each with its unique efficacy and cost. In the following, we describe these load balancing mechanisms and the design choices therein. 3.1 Cluster-Wide Multi-Phase Cost/Benefit Analyzer A distributed in-memory objec...

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...ack from scratch. This is not maintainable in a long term in our humble opinion, resulting less chance to be broader deployment. Containers (LXC [1], OpenVZ [14], VServer [11]) are very lightweight technologies for a virtualization and provides a good isolation with a lot of recent development effort, but the guest OS restricts to use the same kernel of host OS, resulting lack of personalization to the network stack. Recent new direction in operating systems is going to the different shape of kernel: Mirage [12] created a thin library OS for Xen platform implemented from scratch in OCaml. OSv [10] takes a similar approach to port various operating system code into a library, which is executable on a hypervisor. rumpkernel [9], which is already integrated in the NetBSD kernel, extends the idea to the filesystem code as well as the network stack. We think rumpkernel is the most similar approach to us in terms of design choice as well as implementation. 7. Summary The concept of library operating system itself is not new but Linux does not benefit from LibOS in a number of ways, network stack personalization for each application, combination with kernel bypass technology. Testing and deve...

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...pplication’s needs. In recent years, several efforts have explored how virtualization can be leveraged to provide benefits by directly executing applications in their own VMs linked with a library OS =-=[20, 24, 16]-=-. These benefits range from improved security to higher performance. The basic approach is to extract out a particular function of an application and run it along with a library OS in its own virtual ...

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...ware comprised of a set of components that developers can extend, replace or discard in order to construct and deploy a particular application. This approach differs from other cloud operating systems=-=[8, 32, 24]-=- which provide a single software layer to which applications are developed. We believe our approach enables greater degrees of customization than previous systems. We present EbbRT, a new operating sy...

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...pplication’s needs. In recent years, several efforts have explored how virtualization can be leveraged to provide benefits by directly executing applications in their own VMs linked with a library OS =-=[9, 8, 10, 26, 32, 22, 11, 30, 25, 29, 3]-=-. These benefits range from improved security to higher performance. The basic approach is to extract out a particular function of an application and run it along with a library OS in its own virtual ...