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Conscious and unconscious perception: experiments on visual masking and word recognition (1983)

by A J Marcel
Venue:Cognit Psychol
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Abstraction in perceptual symbol systems

by L. W. Barsalou , 2003
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Abstract - Cited by 1168 (32 self) - Add to MetaCart
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...ous counterparts.sIn the cognitive literature, research on preconscious processing indicates that conscious states may not accompany unconscious processing, and that if they do, they follow it (e.g., =-=Marcel, 1983-=-a,b; Velmans, 1991).sSimilarly, research on skill acquisition has found that conscious awareness falls away as automaticity develops during skill acquisition, leaving unconscious mechanisms largely in...

Halfa century of research on the Stroop effect: An integrative review

by Colin M. Macleod - PsychologicalBulletin , 1991
"... The literature on interference in the Stroop Color-Word Task, covering over 50 years and some 400 studies, is organized and reviewed. In so doing, a set ofl 8 reliable empirical findings is isolated that must be captured by any successful theory of the Stroop effect. Existing theoretical positions a ..."
Abstract - Cited by 666 (14 self) - Add to MetaCart
The literature on interference in the Stroop Color-Word Task, covering over 50 years and some 400 studies, is organized and reviewed. In so doing, a set ofl 8 reliable empirical findings is isolated that must be captured by any successful theory of the Stroop effect. Existing theoretical positions are summarized and evaluated in view of this critical evidence and the 2 major candidate theories--relative speed of processing and automaticity of reading--are found to be wanting. It is concluded that recent theories placing the explanatory weight on parallel processing of the irrelevant and the relevant dimensions are likely to be more successful than are earlier theories attempting to locate a single bottleneck in attention. In 1935, J. R. Stroop published his landmark article on attention and interference, an article more influential now than it was then. Why has the Stroop task continued to fascinate us? Perhaps the task is seen as tapping into the primitive operations of cognition, offering clues to the fundamental process of attention. Perhaps the robustness of the phenomenon provides a special challenge to decipher. Together these are powerful attractions

Implicit learning and tacit knowledge

by Arthur S. Reber - Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 1989
"... I examine the phenomenon of implicit learning, the process by which knowledge about the rale-governed complexities of the stimulus environment is acquired independently of conscious attempts to do so. Our research with the two, seemingly disparate experimental paradigms of synthetic grammar learning ..."
Abstract - Cited by 425 (1 self) - Add to MetaCart
I examine the phenomenon of implicit learning, the process by which knowledge about the rale-governed complexities of the stimulus environment is acquired independently of conscious attempts to do so. Our research with the two, seemingly disparate experimental paradigms of synthetic grammar learning and probability learning is reviewed and integrated with other approaches to the general problem of unconscious cognition. The conclusions reached are as follows: (a) Implicit learning produces a tacit knowledge base that is abstract and representative of the structure of the environment; (b) such knowledge is optimally acquired independently of conscious efforts to learn; and (c) it can be used implicitly to solve problems and make accurate decisions about novel stimulus circumstances. Various epistemological issues and related prob-1 lems such as intuition, neuroclinical disorders of learning and memory, and the relationship of evolutionary processes to cognitive science are also discussed. Some two decades ago the term implicit learning was first used to characterize how one develops intuitive knowledge about the underlying structure of a complex stimulus envi-
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...hat involve meaning or affect; these are the province of the sophisticated unconscious. In this latter class are included such phenomena as unconscious perception of graphic and semantic information (=-=Marcel, 1983-=-), perceptual vigilance and perceptual defense (Erdelyi, 1974), the implicit pickup of affective information that is based on phonological factors (Corteen & Wood, 1972) or geometric features (Kunst-W...

Unconscious facial reactions to emotional facial expressions

by Ulf Dimberg, Monika Thunberg, Kurt Elmehed - Psychological Science , 2000
"... Abstract—Studies reveal that when people are exposed to emotional facial expressions, they spontaneously react with distinct facial elec-tromyographic (EMG) reactions in emotion-relevant facial muscles. These reactions reflect, in part, a tendency to mimic the facial stimuli. We investigated whether ..."
Abstract - Cited by 271 (1 self) - Add to MetaCart
Abstract—Studies reveal that when people are exposed to emotional facial expressions, they spontaneously react with distinct facial elec-tromyographic (EMG) reactions in emotion-relevant facial muscles. These reactions reflect, in part, a tendency to mimic the facial stimuli. We investigated whether corresponding facial reactions can be elic-ited when people are unconsciously exposed to happy and angry facial expressions. Through use of the backward-masking technique, the subjects were prevented from consciously perceiving 30-ms expo-sures of happy, neutral, and angry target faces, which immediately were followed and masked by neutral faces. Despite the fact that exposure to happy and angry faces was unconscious, the subjects reacted with distinct facial muscle reactions that corresponded to the happy and angry stimulus faces. Our results show that both positive and negative emotional reactions can be unconsciously evoked, and particularly that important aspects of emotional face-to-face commu-

The processing nature of the N400: Evidence from masked priming

by Colin Brown, Peter Hagoort, Max Planck - Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience , 1993
"... I The N400 is an endogenous event-related brain potential (ERP) that is sensitive to semantic processes during language comprehension. The general question we address in this paper is which aspects of the comprehension process are manifest in the N400. The focus is on the sensitivity of the N400 to ..."
Abstract - Cited by 142 (20 self) - Add to MetaCart
I The N400 is an endogenous event-related brain potential (ERP) that is sensitive to semantic processes during language comprehension. The general question we address in this paper is which aspects of the comprehension process are manifest in the N400. The focus is on the sensitivity of the N400 to the automatic process of lexical access, or to the controlled process of lexical integration. The former process is the reflex-like and effortless behavior of computing a form representation of the linguistic signal, and of mapping this representation onto cor responding entries in the mental lexicon. The latter process concerns the integration of a spoken or written word into a higher-order meaning representation of the context within which it occurs. ERPs and reaction times (RTs) were acquired to target words preceded by semantically related and unrelated
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...ppropriate viewing conditions,sthe masking technique prevents a stimulus from reachingsconscious perception, and as such it is claimed that mask ing by and large rules out controlled processing (cf.s=-=Marcel, 1983-=-). A number of researchers have used the masking tech nique in semantic priming paradigms, and report signif icant priming effects despite the subjects’ inability tosperceptually identify the prime ...

Replicable unconscious semantic priming

by Sean C. Draine, Anthony G. Greenwald - Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 1998
"... In 4 experiments, subjects classified visually presented target words as pleasant-unpleasant words or male-female first names. Prime words were similar (congruent) or dissimilar (incongruent) in meaning to targets. Brief duration of prime words (17, 33, or 50 ms), along with pre- and postmasking, pr ..."
Abstract - Cited by 122 (8 self) - Add to MetaCart
In 4 experiments, subjects classified visually presented target words as pleasant-unpleasant words or male-female first names. Prime words were similar (congruent) or dissimilar (incongruent) in meaning to targets. Brief duration of prime words (17, 33, or 50 ms), along with pre- and postmasking, prevented most subjects from perceiving their physical and semantic properties. By constraining response latencies to fall within a response window-a narrow time band that occurred earlier than subjects would ordinarily respond-these experiments consistently produced subliminal priming effects, indicated by greater error rates for incongruent than congruent priming trials. This conclusion was confirmed by analyzing magnitude of priming as a regression function of prime perceptibility using the method of A. G. Greenwald, M. R. Klinger, and E. S. Schuh (1995). The data of each experiment passed their significant-intercept criterion for demonstrating unconscious cognition. In the past decade, cognitive psychologists have been increasingly willing to discuss theories of unconscious cognition. This receptiveness is associated with a series of methodological advances that have led to an increasing variety of demonstrations of unconscious cognition (e.g.,
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...c analysis (indirect effects) of those stimuli. Direct effects are usually assessed with measures of the accuracy of judgments of physical characteristics of task stimuli such as presence or absence (=-=Marcel, 1983-=-; Fowler, Wolford, Slade, & Tassinary, 1981) or their spatial position on a display (Greenwald et al., 1995). Indirect effects are often assessed by measuring the influences of masked or unattended ta...

Coarse Blobs or Fine Edges? Evidence That Information Diagnosticity Changes the Perception of Complex Visual Stimuli

by Aude Oliva, Philippe G. Schyns , 1997
"... Efficient categorizations of complex visual stimuli require effective encodings of their distinctive properties. However, the question remains of how processes of object and scene categorization use the information associated with different perceptual spatial scales. The psychophysics of scale perce ..."
Abstract - Cited by 114 (17 self) - Add to MetaCart
Efficient categorizations of complex visual stimuli require effective encodings of their distinctive properties. However, the question remains of how processes of object and scene categorization use the information associated with different perceptual spatial scales. The psychophysics of scale perception suggests that recognition uses coarse blobs before fine scale edges, because the former is perceptually available before the latter. Although possible, this perceptually determined scenario neglects the nature of the task the recognition system must solve. If different spatial scales transmit different information about the input, an identical scene might be flexibly encoded and perceived at the scale that optimizes information for the considered task—i.e., the diagnostic scale. This paper tests the hypothesis that scale diagnosticity can determine scale selection for recognition. Experiment 1 tested whether coarse and fine spatial scales were both available at the onset of scene categorization. The second experiment tested that the selection of one scale could change depending on the diagnostic information present at this scale. The third and fourth experiments investigated whether scalespecific cues were independently processed, or whether they perceptually cooperated in the recognition of the input scene. Results suggest that a mandatory low-level registration of multiple spatial scales promotes flexible scene encodings, perceptions, and categorizations.

Unconscious semantic priming extends to novel unseen stimuli

by Lionel Naccache, Stanislas Dehaene, Uniteâ Inserm, Service Hospitalier, Freâdeâric Joliot, Place Du Geâneâral Leclerc - Cognition , 2001
"... unseen stimuli ..."
Abstract - Cited by 106 (14 self) - Add to MetaCart
unseen stimuli
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... demonstrations of unconscious access to the meaning of masked primes have also been put forward (Draine & Greenwald, 1998; Dell'Acqua & Grainger, 1999; Greenwald, 1996; Luck, Vogel, & Shapiro, 1996; =-=Marcel, 1983-=-). Most of this literature focuses exclusively on the existence of unconscious access to semantics, leaving open the more general scienti®c issue of whether semantic manipulations can be performed unc...

Automaticity: A theoretical and conceptual analysis

by Agnes Moors, Jan De Houwer - Psychological Bulletin , 2006
"... Several theoretical views of automaticity are discussed. Most of these suggest that automaticity should be diagnosed by looking at the presence of features such as unintentional, uncontrolled/uncontrollable, goal independent, autonomous, purely stimulus driven, unconscious, efficient, and fast. Cont ..."
Abstract - Cited by 101 (3 self) - Add to MetaCart
Several theoretical views of automaticity are discussed. Most of these suggest that automaticity should be diagnosed by looking at the presence of features such as unintentional, uncontrolled/uncontrollable, goal independent, autonomous, purely stimulus driven, unconscious, efficient, and fast. Contemporary views further suggest that these features should be investigated separately. The authors examine whether features of automaticity can be disentangled on a conceptual level, because only then is the separate investigation of them worth the effort. They conclude that the conceptual analysis of features is to a large extent feasible. Not all researchers agree with this position, however. The authors show that assumptions of overlap among features are determined by the other researchers ’ views of automaticity and by the models they endorse for information processing in general.

Visual Attention

by Marvin M. Chun, Jeremy M. Wolfe, E. B. Goldstein - In B. Goldstein (Ed.), Blackwell Handbook of Perception , 2001
"... Spatial attention: Visual selection and deployment over space The attentional spotlight and spatial cueing Attentional shifts, splits, and resolution Object-based Selection The visual search paradigm Top-down and bottom-up control of attention Inhibitory mechanisms of attention Invalid cueing Negati ..."
Abstract - Cited by 100 (4 self) - Add to MetaCart
Spatial attention: Visual selection and deployment over space The attentional spotlight and spatial cueing Attentional shifts, splits, and resolution Object-based Selection The visual search paradigm Top-down and bottom-up control of attention Inhibitory mechanisms of attention Invalid cueing Negative priming Inhibition of return Temporal attention: Visual selection and deployment over time Single target search Attentional blink and attentional dwell time Repetition blindness NEURAL MECHANISMS OF SELECTION Single-cell physiological method Event-related potentials Functional imaging: PET and fMRI
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...e subject. Masked priming paradigms provide a good example of implicit seeing. Masked prime stimuli that are too brief to reach awareness, nevertheless facilitate performance for a subsequent target (=-=Marcel, 1983-=-). Explicit seeing occurs when subjects can explicitly report what visual event had occurred. This does not necessarily require perfect identification or description, but it should allow one visual ev...

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