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239
Social cognitive theory of gender development and differentiation
- Psychological Review
, 1999
"... Human differentiation on the basis of gender is a fundamental phenomenon that affects virtually every aspect of people's daily lives. This article presents the social cognitive theory of gender role development and functioning. It specifies how gender conceptions are constructed from the comple ..."
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Cited by 131 (5 self)
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Human differentiation on the basis of gender is a fundamental phenomenon that affects virtually every aspect of people's daily lives. This article presents the social cognitive theory of gender role development and functioning. It specifies how gender conceptions are constructed from the complex mix of experi-ences and how they operate in concert with motivational and self-regulatory mechanisms to guide gender-linked conduct throughout the life course. The theory integrates psychological and sociostructural determinants within a unified conceptual structure. In this theoretical perspective, gender conceptions and roles are the product of a broad network of social influences operating interdependently in a variety of societal subsystems. Human evolution provides bodily structures and biological potentialities that permit a range of possibilities rather than dictate a fixed type of gender differentiation. People contribute to their self-development and bring about social changes that define and structure gender relationships through their agentic actions within the interrelated systems of influence. The present article addresses the psychosocial determinants and mechanisms by which society socializes male and female infants into masculine and feminine adults. Gender development is a fundamental issue because some of the most important aspects of
Social Cognitive Theory Of Personality
- In Handbook of Personality: Theory and Research
, 1999
"... and Creative Modeling Modeling is not simply a process of response mimicry as commonly believed. Modeled judgments and actions may differ in specific content but embody the same rule. For example, a model may deal with moral dilemmas that differ widely in the nature of the activity but apply the sam ..."
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Cited by 108 (6 self)
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and Creative Modeling Modeling is not simply a process of response mimicry as commonly believed. Modeled judgments and actions may differ in specific content but embody the same rule. For example, a model may deal with moral dilemmas that differ widely in the nature of the activity but apply the same moral standard to them. Modeled activities thus convey rules for generative and innovative behavior. This higher level learning is achieved through abstract modeling. Once observers extract the rules underlying the modeled activities they can generate new behaviors that go beyond what they have seen or heard. Creativeness rarely springs entirely from individual inventiveness. A lot of modeling goes on in creativity. By refining preexisting innovations, synthesizing them into new ways and adding novel elements to them something new is created. When exposed to models of differing styles of thinking and behaving, observers vary in what they adopt from the different sources and thereby create ...
Toward a psychology of human agency
- Perspectives on Psychological Science
, 2006
"... ABSTRACT—This article presents an agentic theory of hu-man development, adaptation, and change. The evolu-tionary emergence of advanced symbolizing capacity enabled humans to transcend the dictates of their imme-diate environment andmade them unique in their power to shape their life circumstances a ..."
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Cited by 106 (1 self)
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ABSTRACT—This article presents an agentic theory of hu-man development, adaptation, and change. The evolu-tionary emergence of advanced symbolizing capacity enabled humans to transcend the dictates of their imme-diate environment andmade them unique in their power to shape their life circumstances and the courses their lives take. In this conception, people are contributors to their life circumstances, not just products of them. Social cog-nitive theory rejects a duality between human agency and social structure. People create social systems, and these systems, in turn, organize and influence people’s lives. This article discusses the core properties of human agency, the different forms it takes, its ontological and epistemological status, its development and role in causal structures, its growing primacy in the coevolution process, and its influ-ential exercise at individual and collective levels across diverse spheres of life and cultural systems. Conceptions of human nature have changed markedly over time. In the early theological conceptions, human nature was ordained by original divine design. Evolutionism transformed the con-ception to one in which human nature is shaped by environ-mental pressures acting on random gene mutations and reproductive recombinations. This nonteleological process is devoid of deliberate plans or purposes. The symbolic ability to comprehend, predict, and alter the course of events confers considerable functional advantages. The evolutionary emer-gence of language and abstract and deliberative cognitive ca-pacities provided the neuronal structure for supplanting aimless environmental selection with cognitive agency. Human fore-bears evolved into a sentient agentic species. Their advanced symbolizing capacity enabled humans to transcend the dictates of their immediate environment and made them unique in their power to shape their life circumstances and the course of their lives. Through cognitive self-regulation, humans can create visualized futures that act on the present; construct, evaluate, and modify alternative courses of action to secure valued out-comes; and override environmental influences. In a later sec-tion, this article discusses the growing ascendancy of human agency in the coevolution process through the force of social and technological evolution.
Growing primacy of human agency in adaptation and change in the electronic era
- Eur Psychol
, 2002
"... The extraordinary advances in electronic technologies and global human intercotmectedness present novel adaptational challenges and expanded opportunities for people to shape their social future and national life. The present article analyzes these pervasive transformational changes from an agentic ..."
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Cited by 20 (2 self)
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The extraordinary advances in electronic technologies and global human intercotmectedness present novel adaptational challenges and expanded opportunities for people to shape their social future and national life. The present article analyzes these pervasive transformational changes from an agentic theoretical perspective rooted in the exercise of perceived per-sonal and collective efficacy. By acting on their efficacy beliefs, people ply the enabling functions of electronic systems to promote their education, health, affective well-being, worklife, organizational innovativeness and productivity and to change social conditions that affect their lives. Tech-nology influences, and is influenced by, the sociostructural nature of societies. The codetertnining sociostructural factors affect whether elec-tronic technologies and globalization serve as positive forces that benefit all or divisive ones in human lives.
Stages of change: A critique
- Behavior Modification
, 2002
"... The stages of change proposed by Prochaska and DiClemente have been applied to change efforts within and outside of formal treatment and in relation to virtually any problem behavior. This model has gained widespread popularity in health psychology and addictions and is being used to guide intervent ..."
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Cited by 20 (1 self)
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The stages of change proposed by Prochaska and DiClemente have been applied to change efforts within and outside of formal treatment and in relation to virtually any problem behavior. This model has gained widespread popularity in health psychology and addictions and is being used to guide interventions and allocate treatment resources in several fields. In this article, the authors review 87 studies on the stages of change across problem behaviors. Research findings suggest that the proposed stages are not mutually exclusive and that there is scant evidence of sequential movement through discrete stages in studies of specific problem behaviors, such as smoking and substance abuse. Although the stage model may have considerable heuristic value, its practical utility is limited by concerns about the validity of stage assessments. The model’s underlying concepts and alternative views of readiness for change are considered, along with directions for future research.
H: An applied ecological framework for evaluating infrastructure to promote walking and cycling
- Am J Public Health
"... Improving infrastructure for walking and cycling is increasingly recommended as a means to promote physical activity, prevent obesity, and reduce traffic congestion and carbon emissions. However, limited evidence from intervention studies exists to support this approach. Drawing on classic epidemiol ..."
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Cited by 19 (5 self)
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Improving infrastructure for walking and cycling is increasingly recommended as a means to promote physical activity, prevent obesity, and reduce traffic congestion and carbon emissions. However, limited evidence from intervention studies exists to support this approach. Drawing on classic epidemiological methods, psychological and ecological models of behavior change, and the principles of realistic evaluation, we have developed an applied ecological framework by which current theories about the behavioral effects of environ-mental change may be tested in heterogeneous and complex intervention settings. Our framework guides study design and analysis by specifying the most important data to be collected and relations to be tested to confirm or refute specific hypotheses and thereby refine the underlying theories. (Am J Public Health. Published online ahead of print January 13, 2011: e1–e9. doi:10. 2105/AJPH.2010.198002) Interest in the relation between transportation and public health traditionally has focused on
Measuring and monitoring success in compressing morbidity
- Annals of Internal Medicine
"... maintains that if the average age at first infirmity, disability, or other morbidity is postponed and if this postponement is greater than increases in life expectancy, then cumulative lifetime mor-bidity will decrease—compressed between a later onset and the time of death. The National Long-Term Ca ..."
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Cited by 17 (1 self)
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maintains that if the average age at first infirmity, disability, or other morbidity is postponed and if this postponement is greater than increases in life expectancy, then cumulative lifetime mor-bidity will decrease—compressed between a later onset and the time of death. The National Long-Term Care Survey, the National Health Interview Survey, and other data now document declining disability trends beginning in 1982 and accelerating more recently. The decline is about 2 % per year, contrasted with a decline in mortality rates of about 1 % per year, thereby documenting com-pression of morbidity in the United States at the population level. Longitudinal studies now link good health risk status with long-term reductions in cumulative lifetime disability; persons with few behavioral health risks have only one-fourth the disability of those who have more risk factors, and the onset of disability is post-poned from 7 to 12 years, far more than any increases in longevity in the groups. Randomized, controlled trials of health enhance-ment programs in elderly populations show reduction in health risks, improved health status, and decreased medical care utiliza-tion. Health policy initiatives now being undertaken have promise of increasing and consolidating health gains for the elderly. Ann Intern Med. 2003;139:455-459. www.annals.org
Cognitive learning applied to older adult learners and technology
- Educational Gerontology
, 2005
"... This article addresses the needs of older adults learning computer skills and the place of technology, especially the computer, in enhancing their lives. A model is discussed that illuminates the process used by older adults to learn computer skills. The model may be used to analyze and provide spec ..."
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Cited by 15 (0 self)
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This article addresses the needs of older adults learning computer skills and the place of technology, especially the computer, in enhancing their lives. A model is discussed that illuminates the process used by older adults to learn computer skills. The model may be used to analyze and provide specific aid for common difficulties of the aged. Suggestions and recommendations are proposed that facilitate the older adult lear-ner’s use of computers. One of the underlying assumptions for the model is that the fundamental interests of the learner can be discerned and, with careful preparation by the teacher, motivation will follow. Personhood and its potential are continuously unfolding and tech-nology can become a major source of its realization. As individuals progress toward autonomy, they choose the goals they want to achieve, and decide what activities and which ways of being have meaning for them and which do not. Rather than moving blithely through this process, autonomy is typically achieved with caution and some trepidation, often with no confidence at first (Rogers, 1961). As we age, maintaining control over hard-earned autonomy is constantly challenged by age-related physical, cognitive, and environmental changes. Today, communicating about one’s needs and maintaining one’s autonomy can be enhanced if older adults learn and use computer skills. According to McConatha (2002), one of the most important fac-tors determining our place in a social environment is our perception
Evaluation of empowerment processes in a workplace health promotion intervention based learning in Sweden”, Health Promotion International, Vol 40
- 2003, “Putting the ‘H’ back into OH & S”, The Health Promotion Journal of the ACT region: Your Workplace as a Health Promotion Setting, Summer Edition
, 1991
"... The aim of this study was to evaluate a theory-basedmethod for workplace health promotion (WHP) with regard to possible facilitation of empowerment processes. The inter-vention tool was the pedagogic method known as problem-based learning (PBL). The aim of the intervention was to promote empowerment ..."
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Cited by 13 (0 self)
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The aim of this study was to evaluate a theory-basedmethod for workplace health promotion (WHP) with regard to possible facilitation of empowerment processes. The inter-vention tool was the pedagogic method known as problem-based learning (PBL). The aim of the intervention was to promote empowerment and health among the employees. The intervention was implemented in three organizations within the public sector in Sweden, in a bottom-up approach. All employees, including management, in each organization, were offered the opportunity to participate (n = 113) and 87 % (n = 97) participated. The intervention was implemented in 13 groups of six to eight participants who met once a week over a period of 4 months. The predetermined overall goal of the intervention was to pro-mote employee health within the organizational setting. A
Psychological barriers to Internet usage among older adults
- in the UK. Medical Informatics and the Internet in Medicine
, 2005
"... The Internet is an important tool in assisting the older population to lead independent and social lives. However, the majority of Internet users are under 55. This study investigated the following psychological barriers to Internet use by older adults: perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, I ..."
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Cited by 12 (0 self)
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The Internet is an important tool in assisting the older population to lead independent and social lives. However, the majority of Internet users are under 55. This study investigated the following psychological barriers to Internet use by older adults: perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, Internet efficacy, perceived complexity of navigation and perceived complexity of terminology. Twenty-three subjects (aged 55 – 75 years) were interviewed in the UK. The influences of age, computer and Internet experience, and training on these psychological barriers were explored. The results showed that the majority of the older adults who had a positive perception of usefulness, ease of use, and efficacy of the Internet or e-mail, used the Internet or e-mail more often. In addition, it was found that computer or Internet experience increased perceptions of ease of use and efficacy of the Internet and reduced perceived complexity of navigation. There was no difference between the two age groups (55 – 65 and 66 – 75 years) in these psychological barriers. It was concluded that increased marketing of the Internet (aimed at the older user), more simple and uniformly designed Internet pages, more user-friendly online help and error message terminology, and increased provision of training for the older user would assist uptake of the World Wide Web.
