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A Theory of Eye Movements During Target Acquisition
"... The gaze movements accompanying target localization were examined via human observers and a computational model (target acquisition model [TAM]). Search contexts ranged from fully realistic scenes to toys in a crib to Os and Qs, and manipulations included set size, target eccentricity, and target–di ..."
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The gaze movements accompanying target localization were examined via human observers and a computational model (target acquisition model [TAM]). Search contexts ranged from fully realistic scenes to toys in a crib to Os and Qs, and manipulations included set size, target eccentricity, and target–distractor similarity. Observers and the model always previewed the same targets and searched identical displays. Behavioral and simulated eye movements were analyzed for acquisition accuracy, efficiency, and target guidance. TAM’s behavior generally fell within the behavioral mean’s 95% confidence interval for all measures in each experiment/condition. This agreement suggests that a fixed-parameter model using spatiochromatic filters and a simulated retina, when driven by the correct visual routines, can be a good general-purpose predictor of human target acquisition behavior.
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, 2009
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objects of search
, 2007
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high-capacity representation of search history
, 2006
"... for the search path: Evidence for a ..."
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Search Task Performance Using Subtle Gaze Direction with the presence of Distractions
"... A new experiment is presented which demonstrates the usefulness of an image space modulation technique called Subtle Gaze Direction (SGD) for guiding the user in a simple searching task. SGD uses image space modulations in the luminance channel to guide a viewer’s gaze about a scene without interrup ..."
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A new experiment is presented which demonstrates the usefulness of an image space modulation technique called Subtle Gaze Direction (SGD) for guiding the user in a simple searching task. SGD uses image space modulations in the luminance channel to guide a viewer’s gaze about a scene without interrupting their visual experience. The goal of SGD is to direct a viewer’s gaze to certain regions of a scene without introducing noticeable changes in the image. Using a simple searching task we compared performance using no modulation, using subtle modulation and using obvious modulation. Results from the experiments show improved performance when using subtle gaze direction, without affecting the user’s perception of the image. We then extend the experiment to evaluate performance with the presence of distractors. The distractors took the form of extra modulations which do not correspond to a target in the image. Experimentation shows, that, even in the presence of distractors, more accurate results are returned on a simple search task using SGD, as compared to results returned when no modulation at all is used. Results establish the potential of the method for a wide range of applications including gaming, perceptually based rendering, navigation in virtual environments and medical search tasks.
ANIMAL CAMOUFLAGE: BIOLOGY MEETS
"... Animal camoufl age provides some of the most striking examples of the workings of natural selection, whether employed defensively to reduce predation risk, or offensively to minimise alerting prey. While the general benefi ts of camoufl age are obvious, understanding the precise means by which the v ..."
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Animal camoufl age provides some of the most striking examples of the workings of natural selection, whether employed defensively to reduce predation risk, or offensively to minimise alerting prey. While the general benefi ts of camoufl age are obvious, understanding the precise means by which the viewer is fooled represent a challenge to a biologist, because camoufl age is an adaptation to the eyes and mind of another animal. Therefore, a full understanding of the mechanisms of camoufl age requires an interdisciplinary investigation of the percep-tion and cognition of non-human species, involving the collaboration of biologists, neuroscientists, perceptual psychologists and computer scientists. Modern computational neuroscience grounds the principles of Gestalt psychology, and the intuition of generations of artists, in specifi c mechanisms that can be tested. We review the various forms of animal camoufl age from this perspective, illustrated by the recent upsurge of experimental studies of long-held, but largely untested, theories of defensive colouration.
