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553
Causal Effects in Nonexperimental Studies: Reevaluating the Evaluation of Training Programs.
- Journal of the American Statistical Association,
, 1999
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Propensity Score Matching Methods For Non-Experimental Causal Studies
, 2002
"... This paper considers causal inference and sample selection bias in non-experimental settings in which: (i) few units in the non-experimental comparison group are comparable to the treatment units; and (ii) selecting a subset of comparison units similar to the treatment units is difficult because uni ..."
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Cited by 714 (3 self)
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This paper considers causal inference and sample selection bias in non-experimental settings in which: (i) few units in the non-experimental comparison group are comparable to the treatment units; and (ii) selecting a subset of comparison units similar to the treatment units is difficult because units must be compared across a high-dimensional set of pretreatment characteristics. We discuss the use of propensity score matching methods, and implement them using data from the NSW experiment. Following Lalonde (1986), we pair the experimental treated units with non-experimental comparison units from the CPS and PSID, and compare the estimates of the treatment effect obtained using our methods to the benchmark results from the experiment. For both comparison groups, we show that the methods succeed in focusing attention on the small subset of the comparison units comparable to the treated units and, hence, in alleviating the bias due to systematic differences between the treated and comparison units.
Nonparametric estimation of average treatment effects under exogeneity: a review
- REVIEW OF ECONOMICS AND STATISTICS
, 2004
"... Recently there has been a surge in econometric work focusing on estimating average treatment effects under various sets of assumptions. One strand of this literature has developed methods for estimating average treatment effects for a binary treatment under assumptions variously described as exogen ..."
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Cited by 630 (25 self)
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Recently there has been a surge in econometric work focusing on estimating average treatment effects under various sets of assumptions. One strand of this literature has developed methods for estimating average treatment effects for a binary treatment under assumptions variously described as exogeneity, unconfoundedness, or selection on observables. The implication of these assumptions is that systematic (for example, average or distributional) differences in outcomes between treated and control units with the same values for the covariates are attributable to the treatment. Recent analysis has considered estimation and inference for average treatment effects under weaker assumptions than typical of the earlier literature by avoiding distributional and functional-form assumptions. Various methods of semiparametric estimation have been proposed, including estimating the unknown regression functions, matching, methods using the propensity score such as weighting and blocking, and combinations of these approaches. In this paper I review the state of this
Large Sample Properties of Matching Estimators for Average Treatment Effects
- ECONOMETRICA 74,235-267
, 2006
"... Matching estimators for average treatment effects are widely used in evaluation research despite the fact that their large sample properties have not been established in many cases. The absence of formal results in this area may be partly due to the fact that standard asymptotic expansions do not ap ..."
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Cited by 318 (18 self)
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Matching estimators for average treatment effects are widely used in evaluation research despite the fact that their large sample properties have not been established in many cases. The absence of formal results in this area may be partly due to the fact that standard asymptotic expansions do not apply to matching estimators with a fixed number of matches because such estimators are highly nonsmooth functionals of the data. In this article we develop new methods for analyzing the large sample properties of matching estimators and establish a number of new results. We focus on matching with replacement with a fixed number of matches. First, we show that matching estimators are not N1/2-consistent in general and describe conditions under which matching estimators do attain N1/2-consistency. Second, we show that even in settings where matching estimators are N1/2-consistent, simple matching estimators with a fixed number of matches do not attain the semiparametric efficiency bound. Third, we provide a consistent estimator for the large sample variance that does not require consistent nonparametric estimation of unknown functions. Software for implementing these methods is available in Matlab, Stata, and R.
Using the Longitudinal Structure of Earnings to Estimate the Effect of Training Programs
- Review of Economics and Statistics
, 1985
"... In this paper we set out some methods that utilize the longitudinal structure of earnings of trainees and a comparison group to estimate the effectiveness of training for the 1976 cohort of CETA trainees. By fitting a components-of-variance model of earnings to the control group, and by posing a sim ..."
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Cited by 302 (8 self)
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In this paper we set out some methods that utilize the longitudinal structure of earnings of trainees and a comparison group to estimate the effectiveness of training for the 1976 cohort of CETA trainees. By fitting a components-of-variance model of earnings to the control group, and by posing a simple model of program participation, we are able to predict the entire pre-training and post-training earnings histories of the trainees. The fit of these predictions to the pre-training earnings of the CETA participants provides a test of the model of earnings generation and program participation and a simple check on the corresponding estimate of the effectiveness of training.
Estimation for average treatment effects based on propensity scores
- The Stata Journal
, 2002
"... Abstract. In this paper, we give a short overview of some propensity score matching estimators suggested in the evaluation literature, and we provide a set of Stata programs, which we illustrate using the National Supported Work (NSW) demonstration widely known in labor economics. ..."
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Cited by 290 (4 self)
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Abstract. In this paper, we give a short overview of some propensity score matching estimators suggested in the evaluation literature, and we provide a set of Stata programs, which we illustrate using the National Supported Work (NSW) demonstration widely known in labor economics.
Currency unions and trade: How large is the treatment effect? Economic Policy 16
, 2001
"... It has been conspicuously hard to empirically identify clear-cut effects of Þxed exchange rates and other monetary regimes on the real economy. 1 This paucity of empirical Þndings has lead many academic economists as well as other observers to the view that radical monetary reform — such as the adop ..."
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Cited by 178 (2 self)
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It has been conspicuously hard to empirically identify clear-cut effects of Þxed exchange rates and other monetary regimes on the real economy. 1 This paucity of empirical Þndings has lead many academic economists as well as other observers to the view that radical monetary reform — such as the adoption of a
