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321
Task Scheduling and Voltage Selection for Energy Minimization
, 2002
"... In this paper, we present a two-phase framework that integrates task assignment, ordering and voltage selection (VS) together to minimize energy consumption of real-time dependent tasks executing on a given number of variable voltage processors. Task assignment and ordering in the first phase strive ..."
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Cited by 145 (2 self)
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In this paper, we present a two-phase framework that integrates task assignment, ordering and voltage selection (VS) together to minimize energy consumption of real-time dependent tasks executing on a given number of variable voltage processors. Task assignment and ordering in the first phase strive to maximize the opportunities that can be exploited for lowering voltage levels during the second phase, i.e., voltage selection. In the second phase, we formulate the VS problem as an Integer Programming (IP) problem and solve the IP efficiently. Experimental results demonstrate that our framework is very effective in executing tasks at lower voltage levels under different system configurations.
Battery-Driven System Design: A New Frontier in Low Power Design
, 2002
"... As an increasing number of electronic systems are powered by batteries, battery life becomes a primary design consideration. Maximizing battery life requires system designers to develop an understanding of the capabilities and limitations of the batteries that power such systems, and to incorporate ..."
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Cited by 80 (3 self)
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As an increasing number of electronic systems are powered by batteries, battery life becomes a primary design consideration. Maximizing battery life requires system designers to develop an understanding of the capabilities and limitations of the batteries that power such systems, and to incorporate battery considerations into the system design process. Recent research has shown that, the amount of energy that can be supplied by a given battery varies significantly, depending on how the energy is drawn. Consequently, researchers are attempting to develop new batterydriven approaches to system design, which deliver battery life improvements over and beyond what can be achieved through conventional low-power design techniques. This paper presents an introduction to this emerging area, surveys promising technologies that have been developed for battery modeling and battery-efficient system design, and outlines emerging industry standards for smart battery systems. I.
A Decade of Hardware/Software Codesign
, 2003
"... Hardware/software codesign has been a recognized research field for about a decade. Within that time, it has moved from an emerging discipline to a mainstream technology. ..."
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Cited by 62 (0 self)
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Hardware/software codesign has been a recognized research field for about a decade. Within that time, it has moved from an emerging discipline to a mainstream technology.
A Taxonomy and Survey of Energy-Efficient Data Centers and Cloud Computing Systems
"... Traditionally, the development of computing systems has been focused on performance improvements driven by the demand of applications from consumer, scientific and business domains. However, the ever increasing energy consumption of computing systems has started to limit further performance growth d ..."
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Cited by 58 (4 self)
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Traditionally, the development of computing systems has been focused on performance improvements driven by the demand of applications from consumer, scientific and business domains. However, the ever increasing energy consumption of computing systems has started to limit further performance growth due to overwhelming electricity bills and carbon dioxide footprints. Therefore, the goal of the computer system design has been shifted to power and energy efficiency. To identify open challenges in the area and facilitate future advancements it is essential to synthesize and classify the research on power and energy-efficient design conducted to date. In this work we discuss causes and problems of high power / energy consumption, and present a taxonomy of energy-efficient design of computing systems covering the hardware, operating system, virtualization and data center levels. We survey various key works in the area and map them to our taxonomy to guide future design and development efforts. This chapter is concluded with a discussion of advancements identified in energy-efficient computing and our vision on future
Low-power color TFT LCD display for hand-held embedded systems
- In ISLPED
, 2002
"... An LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) is a standard display device for hand-held embedded systems. Today, color TFT (Thin-Film Transistor) LCDs are common even in cost-effective equipments. An LCD display system is composed of an LCD panel, a frame buffer memory, an LCD and frame buffer controller, and a ..."
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Cited by 54 (9 self)
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An LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) is a standard display device for hand-held embedded systems. Today, color TFT (Thin-Film Transistor) LCDs are common even in cost-effective equipments. An LCD display system is composed of an LCD panel, a frame buffer memory, an LCD and frame buffer controller, and a backlight inverter and lamp. All of them are heavy power consumers, and their portion becomes much more dominant when running interactive applications. This is because interactive applications are often triggered by human inputs and thus result in a lot of slack time in the CPU and memory system, which can be effectively used for dynamic power management. In this paper, we introduce low-power LCD display schemes as a system-level approach. We accurately characterize the energy consumption at the component level and minimize energy consumption of each component without appreciable display quality degradation. We develop several techniques such as variable-duty-ratio refresh, dynamic-color-depth control and backlight luminance dimming with brightness compensation or contrast enhancement. Each method exhibits power reduction of 260mW, 250mW and 480mW, respectively. The aggregate energy reduction ratio is 28 % out of total energy consumption including the CPU and the main memory system when we execute a document viewer. We also demonstrate that we can extend the battery life about 38 % and 20 % for a text editor and an MPEG4 player, respectively.
Online Strategies for Dynamic Power Management in Systems with Multiple Power-saving States
, 2003
"... Online dynamic power management (DPM) strategies refer to strategies that attempt to make power-mode-related decisions based on information available at runtime. In making such decisions, these strategies do not depend upon information of future behavior of the system, or any a priori knowledge of t ..."
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Cited by 52 (6 self)
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Online dynamic power management (DPM) strategies refer to strategies that attempt to make power-mode-related decisions based on information available at runtime. In making such decisions, these strategies do not depend upon information of future behavior of the system, or any a priori knowledge of the input characteristics. In this paper, we present online strategies, and evaluate them based on a measure called the competitive ratio that enables a quantitative analysis of the performance of online strategies. All earlier approaches (online or predictive) have been limited to systems with two power-saving states (e.g., idle and shutdown). The only earlier approaches that handled multiple power-saving states were based on stochastic optimization. This paper provides a theoretical basis for the analysis of DPM strategies for systems with multiple power-down states, without resorting to such complex approaches. We show how a relatively simple âonline learningâ scheme can be used to improve the competitive ratio over deterministic strategies using the notion of âprobability-based â online DPM strategies. Experimental results show that the algorithm presented here attains the best competitive ratio in comparison with other known predictive DPM algorithms. The other algorithms that come close to matching its performance in power suffer at least an additional 40 % wake-up latency on average. Meanwhile, the algorithms that have comparable latency to our methods use at least 25 % more power on average.
Quantitative Comparison of Power Management Algorithms
- IN PROCEEDINGS OF THE DESIGN AUTOMATION AND TEST IN EUROPE (DATE
, 2000
"... Dynamic power management saves power by shutting down idle devices. Several management algorithms have been proposed and demonstrated effective in certain applications. We quantitatively compare the power saving and performance impact of these algorithms on hard disks of a desktop and a notebook com ..."
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Cited by 51 (9 self)
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Dynamic power management saves power by shutting down idle devices. Several management algorithms have been proposed and demonstrated effective in certain applications. We quantitatively compare the power saving and performance impact of these algorithms on hard disks of a desktop and a notebook computers. This paper has three contributions. First, we build a framework in Windows NT to implement power managers running realistic workloads and directly interacting with users. Second, we define performance degradation that reflects user perception. Finally, we compare power saving and performance of existing algorithms and analyze the difference.
Cross-layer optimization for energy-efficient wireless communications: a survey,” to be published
"... Abstract—Since battery technology has not progressed as rapidly as semiconductor technology, power efficiency has be-come increasingly important in wireless networking, in addition to the traditional quality and performance measures, such as bandwidth, throughput, and fairness. Energy-efficient desi ..."
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Cited by 45 (7 self)
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Abstract—Since battery technology has not progressed as rapidly as semiconductor technology, power efficiency has be-come increasingly important in wireless networking, in addition to the traditional quality and performance measures, such as bandwidth, throughput, and fairness. Energy-efficient design requires a cross layer approach as power consumption is affected by all aspects of system design, ranging from silicon to applica-tions. This article presents a comprehensive overview of recent advances in cross-layer design for energy-efficient wireless com-munications. We particularly focus on a system-based approaches towards energy optimal transmission and resource management across time, frequency, and spatial domains. Details related to energy-efficient hardware implementations are also covered. Index Terms – energy efficiency, cross-layer, wireless commu-nications, energy aware I.
Power-Aware Operating Systems for Interactive Systems
- IEEE Transactions on VLSI
, 2002
"... Many portable systems deploy operating systems (OS) to support versatile functionality and to manage resources, including power. This paper presents a new approach for using OS to reduce the power consumption of IO devices in interactive systems. Low-power OS observes the relationship between hardwa ..."
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Cited by 45 (1 self)
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Many portable systems deploy operating systems (OS) to support versatile functionality and to manage resources, including power. This paper presents a new approach for using OS to reduce the power consumption of IO devices in interactive systems. Low-power OS observes the relationship between hardware devices and processes. The OS kernel estimates the utilization of a device from each process. If a device is not used by any running process, the OS puts it into a low-power state. This paper also explains how scheduling can facilitate power management. When processes are properly scheduled, power reduction can be achieved without degrading performance. We implemented a prototype on Linux to control two devices; experimental results showed nearly 70% power saving on a network card and a hard disk drive.
Multi-mode Energy Management for Multi-tier Server Clusters
"... This paper presents an energy management policy for reconfigurable clusters running a multi-tier application, exploiting DVS together with multiple sleep states. We develop a theoretical analysis of the corresponding power optimization problem and design an algorithm around the solution. Moreover, w ..."
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Cited by 44 (0 self)
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This paper presents an energy management policy for reconfigurable clusters running a multi-tier application, exploiting DVS together with multiple sleep states. We develop a theoretical analysis of the corresponding power optimization problem and design an algorithm around the solution. Moreover, we rigorously investigate selection of the optimal number of spare servers for each power state, a problem that has only been approached in an ad-hoc manner in current policies. To validate our results and policies, we implement them on an actual multi-tier server cluster where nodes support all power management techniques considered. Experimental results using realistic dynamic workloads based on the TPC-W benchmark show that exploiting multiple sleep states results in significant additional cluster-wide energy savings up to 23 % with little or no performance degradation.
