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...aris, & Moscicki, 1996), has failed to find consistent differences between these clinical groups and control participants on objective, peripheral physiological measures (e.g., skin conductance [SC]; =-=Crowell et al., 2005-=-; Ebner-Priemer et al., 2005; Matthew K. Nock and Wendy Berry Mendes, Department of Psychology, Harvard University. This research was supported by National Institute of Mental Health Grant MH076047 as...

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...les of young children (Boyce et al., 2001; Calkins et al., 2007), whereas high RSA reactivity in response to emotional stimuli has been observed in children with clinical levels of behavior problems (=-=Crowell et al., 2005-=-). Only a few studies have examined the effect of RSA in the context of both high and low adversity. Several studies of community samples indicate that high basal RSA levels and high RSA reactivity in...

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... children higher in internalizing symptoms exhibit excessive vagal reactivity (Boyce et al., 2001; Calkins et al., 2006). One consideration is the particular outcome of interest. We predicted clinical levels of the affective depressive symptoms in our study, whereas Calkins et al. found high vagal reactivity for those high in both internalizing and externalizing and Boyce et al included over-anxious and separation anxiety symptoms in their internalizing group. In another study, parasuicidal female adolescents showed lower RSA at baseline and during a sad film clip compared to a control group (Crowell et al., 2005). Thus, possible comorbid symptoms or disorders may account for some discrepancies across studies. There also may be particular depressive symptoms that show distinct (and conflicting) relations to RSA (see Rottenberg, 2007). Other reasons underlying cross-study differences might be due to the nature of the sample, the baseline procedure, or the particular task. The sample as a whole, even with a portion of our sample being at elevated risk for depression, is still quite normative given the sample’s distribution on the CBCL and KSADS. Regarding task effects, adults with higher levels of depres...

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...ed reactivity and difficulties with self-regulation. For example research on the etiology of problem behaviors in children (Eisenberg et al., 1997), anxiety disorders (Beauchaine, 2001), suicidality (=-=Crowell et al., 2005-=-), and borderline personality disorder (Linehan, 1995) indicate that reactivity differences due to temperament or life history of abuse co-occur with poor regulation in clinical populations. The Prese...

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...film that has been used extensively in prior research to elicit emotional sadness, as indicated by subjective, behavioral, physiological, and neural responses among both adolescents and adults (e.g., =-=Crowell et al., 2005-=-; Goldin et al., 2005; Gross & Levenson, 1995; Hewig et al., 2005; Hutcherson, Goldin, Ochsner, Gabrieli, & Gross, 2005). The film shows a young boy responding to the 102 P. Marsh, T.P. Beauchaine, an...

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... markers of trait impulsivity and emotion dysregulation in preschoolers (e.g., Crowell et al., 2006), middle schoolers (e.g., Brenner & Beauchaine, 2011; Shannon et al., 2007), and adolescents (e.g., =-=Crowell et al., 2005-=-; Sauder et al., 2012). This work includes studies of boys with ADHD, boys with CD (e.g., Beauchaine, Katkin, Strassberg, & Snarr, 2001; GatzkeKopp et al., 2009), and girls with borderline personality...

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...ders characterized by emotion dysregulation, including depression, anxiety, self-injury, and disruptive behavior, among others (Beauchaine et al., 2007; Shannon, Beauchaine, Brenner, & Neuhaus, 2007; =-=Crowell et al., 2005-=-; Silk, Steinberg, & Morris, 2003). However, consistent among these studies is the assumption that diagnosable psychopathology is suggestive of emotion dysregulation, with little attention to whether ...

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...aine, 2014; Nock, 2010). Most adolescents who engage in SII meet criteria for one or more psychiatric disorders, with risk dispersed roughly evenly across the internalizing and externalizing spectra (=-=Crowell et al., 2005-=-; Nock, Joiner, Gordon, Lloyd-Richardson, & Prinstein 2006). Perhaps of more importance, SII is the single best predictor of eventual completed suicide (Hamza, Stewart, & Willoughby, 2012). Although s...

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... 2003; Najmi et al. 2007; Nock et al. 2008). There is also increasing evidence for psychophysiological abnormalities suggestive of disordered emotional experience in individuals who selfinjure (e.g., =-=Crowell et al. 2005-=-; Nock and Mendes 2008; Sachsse et al. 2002). For instance, hyperactivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary (HPA) axis in self-injurers has been proposed (Sachsse et al. 2002), as well as increased A. Wei...

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...e, anxiety, depression, non-suicidal self-injury, ADHD, and conduct disorder have all been associated with reduced RSA and/or excessive RSA reactivity to emotional challenges (Beauchaine et al. 2001; =-=Crowell et al. 2005-=-; Thayer et al. 1996). Thus, deficiencies in RSA are not specific to ASDs, and appear to mark both social problems and emotion dysregulation across a wide range of conditions. Within the ASD literatur...