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...aver et al., 1997; Owen et al., 2005). Although a relatively small number of studies have required recall rather than recognition (Gilbert and Fiez, 2004; Osaka et al., 2004), very few studies have also included an analysis of neural activity during the recall period (cf. Chein and Fiez, 2001). This emphasis on recognition tasks, and on trial periods that precede retrieval, is unfortunate in light of recent work indicating that an important mechanism underlying individual differences in WM capacity is the ability to select and use retrieval cues to optimally focus memory search during recall (Unsworth and Engle, 2007a,b). The requirement for recall also more realistically reflects the complex cognitive behavior exhibited in such tasks as reading, reasoning, and problem solving, which all require the rapid recall of recently acquired knowledge. The present study reflects an effort to bridge the divide 551J.M. Chein et al. / NeuroImage 54 (2011) 550–559between the neuroimaging and psychometric/behavioral literatures by addressing these earlier limitations. The measurement of WM capacity Variation in WM capacity across individuals correlates strongly with performance on a range of complex cognitive tasks (e....

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...ronoun reference criteria measures. This finding supported the view that CSTs measure a dynamic working memory system that involves both the storage and processing of information, in contrast to simple span tasks, which measure a short-term memory capacity that involves storage only. Meta-analyses showed DOI: 10.1027/1015-5759/a000123 European Journal of Psychological Assessment 2012; Vol. 28(3):164–171 © 2012 Hogrefe Publishing that CST performance is strongly related to reading comprehension (Daneman & Merikle, 1996) and fluid intelligence (Ackerman, Beier, & Boyle, 2005; Kane et al., 2005; Unsworth & Engle, 2007), and that effects of cognitive aging are larger for CSTs than for simple span tasks (Bopp & Verhaeghen, 2005). After the introduction of Reading Span, subsequent research explored potential associations of the processing component in CSTs with criterion-related abilities. Turner and Engle (1989) showed with Operation Span that the processing content of the CST (viz., math operations) need not be similar to the ability criterion in order to measure WMC. Later, Shah and Miyake (1996) developed Symmetry Span, in which participants made symmetry judgments and remembered spatial locations. Shah an...

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... ov em be rs20 10 higher-order cognition, and goal-directed behavior (Camos, 2008; Dempster, 1992; Harnishfeger & Bjorklund, 1993; Houdé & Tzourio-Mazoyer, 2003; St Clair-Thompson & Gathercole, 2006; =-=Unsworth & Engle, 2007-=-) important for success in school and in life (e.g., Diamond, Barnett, Thomas, Munro, 2007). A child’s capacity to retain and work with information held in mind (i.e., working memory) and to suppress ...

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...cts were asked toscomplete a questionnaire analyzing cognitive abilities, personality traits, and risksaversion. In particular, subjects had to complete: an immediate free recall workingsmemory test (=-=Unsworth and Engle 2007-=-), a Wechsler Digit Span test for shortsmemory (Walsh and Betz 1990), the Cognitive Reflection Test (Frederick 2005),sthe Holt and Laury Risk Aversion test (Holt and Laury 2002), a test of Theory ofsM...

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...y complex working memory tasks more than traditional short-term memory tasks are related to fundamental aspects of cognition is that complex tasks involve larger investments of attentional resources (=-=Unsworth and Engle, 2007-=-). Traditional short-term tasks, on the other hand, capitalize relatively more on skills that have become automatized through extended practice (e.g., rehearsal of digits, which is an integral part of...