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...of auditory and tactile rear-end collision warnings during simulated cell phone conversations to determine if such warnings can offset some of the observed impairments caused by cell phone use (e.g., =-=Strayer & Drews, 2007-=-). From multiple resource theory (Wickens, 1980), we predicted that the additional auditory load of a cell phone conversation would lead to significantly shorter RTs for tactile rear-end collision war...

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...n (2001) found that cell phone conversations were particularly disruptive in comparison to listening to books on tape, a radio broadcast, or shadowing using a cell phone. Something about the conversation seems to limit attentional capacity.We, like other researchers, found that having a conversation with a person next to you did not increase inattentional blindness (Crudell et al., 2005; Hunton & Rose, 2005; Strayer & Drews, 2007). Similarly, Klauer et al. (2006) reported that a passenger in the adjacent seat decreased accident rates whereas a cell phone conversation increased accident rates. Strayer and Drews (2007) suggested that in-vehicle conversations are less problematic because the driver and the passenger can more easily coordinate the conversation with the driving demands. Klauer et al. (2006) suggested that two observers increases the odds of noticing important aspects of the driving environment and our finding that pairs were moreCopyright # 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Appl. Cognit. Psychol. 24: 597–607 (2010) DOI: 10.1002/acp Cell phones cause inattentional blindness 605likely to see the clown is consistent with this point. Of course there are other differences between conversing with someone...

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...mitigated by processing mechanisms (such as preemption, described above) and display characteristics. Related research has shown that even hands-free, auditory cell phone conversations impair driving =-=[20]-=-. In other studies, both an auditory cost and an auditory benefit for in-vehicle information displays has been shown [21-23], while much research has shown the intuitively predicted auditory benefit f...

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...a standard feature. In these cases, the microphone is located in front of the driver and the phone audio is projected from the car’s speakers. To comply with the new hands-free phone use laws, drivers without this option in their cars will have to use their mobile phones with a headset composed of a microphone and earpiece. While the use of hands-free phone kits helps to ensure that drivers’ hands stay on the steering wheel, neither hands-free nor voice controlled interfaces prevent accidents [5]. Driving while talking on mobile phones distracts drivers from the primary task of driving safely [8, 11, 13, 14], but drivers do it anyway [13]. A comprehensive meta-analysis of the effects of cell phones on driver performance found that cell phones increase reaction times of responses to events and stimuli with both hand-held and hands-free phones [2]. One method of mitigating risk in voice interactions in cars leverages the signaling of remote cellphone callers when drivers are cognitively busy [7]. Another way to mitigate risk is to use more general acoustic qualities of conversation to decrease the cognitive load that results from engaging in mobile phone calls while driving. Spatial Location of Voi...

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...sual environment also occurs with cell phonesconversations while driving (Strayer, Drews, and Johnston,s2003). Talking on a cell phone and driving diverts attentionsbecause of dual-task interference (=-=Strayer & Drews, 2007-=-),sleading to inattentional blindness, a failure to “see” objectss(Mack, 2003; Simon & Chabris, 1999). Inattention andsperceptual errors are associated with nearly 40% of trafficsaccidents (Hendricks,...

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...esforward roadway, his or her ability to detect and respond to targets within the visual fieldsmay be impaired if cognitive focus is not also on the forward roadway (Hyman, et al. 2010;sSimons, 2000; =-=Strayer & Drews, 2007-=-). Furthermore, prior research suggests that thescognitive demands associated with speech-to-text system interactions may be higher thansother common auditory-vocal tasks such as talking on a cell pho...

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...uch less than a second, and retrieving the number of stars that should be on it from permanent memory is also very quick. Humans also appear to handle about four dimensions [13] and up to 5-way interactions reasonably well [14]. All this indicates that it is important to manage complexity of content and interrelations presented to humans [13,15]. Beyond a comfortable limit (and that limit may change with age) errors start happening. Most recent examples of sometimes fatal real-time analytics distractions to humans come from the use of cell phones and other in-car devices by drivers (see e.g., [21,22]). “Chunks” can contain a very small amount of information – from a single tone, to a very detailed and rich visual, auditory and tactile scene. They can contain raw data, but more often they tend to be abstractions, pattern mappings of complex objects or scenes onto however this impression is stored/encoded in the permanent memory of the subject. Different people very likely extract storable abstractions of the same scene, object, or signal differently. Pattern or “symbol” recognition appears to be the primary way we think about scenes and situations which would otherwise overload our working...