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Layout-Driven Test-Architecture Design and Optimization for 3D SoCs under Pre-Bond Test-Pin-Count Constraint
"... We propose a layout-driven test-architecture design and optimization technique for core-based system-on-chips (SoCs) that are fabricated using three-dimensional (3D) integration. In contrast to prior work, we consider the pre-bond test-pin-count constraint during optimization since these pins occupy ..."
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We propose a layout-driven test-architecture design and optimization technique for core-based system-on-chips (SoCs) that are fabricated using three-dimensional (3D) integration. In contrast to prior work, we consider the pre-bond test-pin-count constraint during optimization since these pins occupy large silicon area that cannot be used in functional mode. In addition, the proposed test-architecture design takes the SoC layout into consideration and facilitates the sharing of test wires between pre-bond tests and post-bond test, which significantly reduces the routing cost for a test-access mechanism in 3D technology. Experimental results for the ITC’02 SoC benchmarks circuits demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed solution. 1.
TestArchitecture Optimization for TSV-Based 3D Stacked ICs”, European Test Symposium
, 2010
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Test-Access Mechanism Optimization for Core-Based Three-dimensional Socs
, 2008
"... Test-access mechanisms (TAMs) and test wrappers (e.g., the IEEE Standard 1500 wrapper) facilitate the modular testing of embedded cores in a core-based system-on-chip (SOC). Such a modular testing approach can also be used for emerging three-dimensional integrated circuits based on through-silicon ..."
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Cited by 8 (2 self)
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Test-access mechanisms (TAMs) and test wrappers (e.g., the IEEE Standard 1500 wrapper) facilitate the modular testing of embedded cores in a core-based system-on-chip (SOC). Such a modular testing approach can also be used for emerging three-dimensional integrated circuits based on through-silicon vias (TSVs). Core-based SOCs based on 3D IC technology are being advocated as a means to continue technology scaling and overcome interconnect-related bottlenecks. We present an optimization technique for minimizing the test time for 3D core-based SOCs under constraints on the number of TSVs and the TAM bitwidth. The proposed optimization method is based on a combination of integer linear programming, LP-relaxation, and randomized rounding. Simulation results are presented for the ITC 02 SOC Test Benchmarks and the test times are compared to that obtained when methods developed earlier for two-dimensional ICs are applied to 3D ICs.
On Effective TSV Repair for 3D-Stacked ICs
"... Abstract—3D-stacked ICs that employ through-silicon vias (TSVs) to connect multiple dies vertically have gained wide-spread interest in the semiconductor industry. In order to be commercially viable, the assembly yield for 3D-stacked ICs must be as high as possible, requiring TSVs to be reparable. E ..."
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Abstract—3D-stacked ICs that employ through-silicon vias (TSVs) to connect multiple dies vertically have gained wide-spread interest in the semiconductor industry. In order to be commercially viable, the assembly yield for 3D-stacked ICs must be as high as possible, requiring TSVs to be reparable. Existing techniques typically assume TSV faults to be uniformly distributed and use neighboring TSVs to repair faulty ones, if any. In practice, however, clustered TSV faults are quite common due to the fact that the TSV bonding quality depends on surface roughness and cleaness of silicon dies, rendering prior TSV redundancy solutions less effective. To resolve this problem, we present a novel TSV repair framework, including a hardware architecture that enables faulty TSVs to be repaired by redundant TSVs that are farther apart, and the corresponding repair algorithm. By doing so, the manufacturing yield for 3D-stacked ICs can be dramatically improved, as demonstrated in our experimental results. I.
Cost-effective Integration of Three-dimensional (3D) ICs Emphasizing Testing Cost Analysis”, accepted for publication
- in IEEE/ACM International Conference on CAD
, 2010
"... Abstract—Three-dimensional (3D) ICs promise to overcome barriers in interconnect scaling by leveraging fast, dense inter-die vias, thereby offering benefits of improved performance, higher memory bandwidth, smaller form factors, and heterogeneous integration. However, when deciding to adopt this eme ..."
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Cited by 5 (2 self)
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Abstract—Three-dimensional (3D) ICs promise to overcome barriers in interconnect scaling by leveraging fast, dense inter-die vias, thereby offering benefits of improved performance, higher memory bandwidth, smaller form factors, and heterogeneous integration. However, when deciding to adopt this emerging technology as a mainstream design approach, designers must consider the cost of 3D integration. IC testing is a key factor that affects the final product cost, and it could be a major portion of the total IC cost. In 3D IC design, various testing strategies and different integration methods could affect the final product cost dramatically, and the interaction with other cost factors could result in various trade-offs. This paper develops a comprehensive and parameterized testing cost model for 3D IC integration, and analyzes the trade-offs associated with testing strategies and testing circuit overheads. With the proposed testing cost model, designers can explore the most cost-effective integration and testing strategies for 3D IC chips. I.
Design Method and Test Structure to Characterize and
- Repair TSV Defect-Induced Signal Degradation in 3D System”, Proc. IEEE Conference on Computer-Aided Design
, 2010
"... ABSTRACT In this paper we present a test structure and design methodology for testing, characterization, and self-repair of TSVs in 3D ICs. The proposed structure can detect the signal degradation through TSVs due to resistive shorts and variations in TSV. For TSVs with moderate signal degradations ..."
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ABSTRACT In this paper we present a test structure and design methodology for testing, characterization, and self-repair of TSVs in 3D ICs. The proposed structure can detect the signal degradation through TSVs due to resistive shorts and variations in TSV. For TSVs with moderate signal degradations, the proposed structure reconfigures itself as signal recovery circuit to improve signal fidelity. The paper presents the design of the test/recovery structure, the test methodologies, and demonstrates its effectiveness through stand alone simulations as well as in a full-chip physical design of a 3D IC.
Assembling 2D Blocks into 3D Chips
"... Three-dimensional ICs promise to significantly extend the scale of system integration and facilitate new-generation electronics. However, progress in commercial 3D ICs has been slow. In addition to technology-related difficulties, industry experts cite the lack of a commercial 3D EDA tool-chain and ..."
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Three-dimensional ICs promise to significantly extend the scale of system integration and facilitate new-generation electronics. However, progress in commercial 3D ICs has been slow. In addition to technology-related difficulties, industry experts cite the lack of a commercial 3D EDA tool-chain and design standards, high risk associated with a new technology, and high cost of transition from 2D to 3D ICs. To streamline the transition, we explore design styles that reuse existing 2D Intellectual Property (IP) blocks. Currently, these design styles severely limit the placement of Through-Silicon Vias (TSVs) and constrain the reuse of existing 2D IP blocks in 3D ICs. To overcome this problem, we develop a methodology for using TSV islands and novel techniques for clustering nets to connect 2D IP blocks through TSV islands. Our empirical validation demonstrates 3D integration of traditional 2D circuit blocks without modifying their layout for this context.
Optimization Methods for Post-Bond Die-Internal/External Testing in 3D Stacked ICs ∗
"... Testing of three-dimensional (3D) stacked ICs (SICs) is starting to receive considerable attention in the semiconductor industry. Since the die-stacking steps of thinning, alignment, and bonding can introduce defects, there is a need to test multiple subsequent partial stacks during 3D assembly. We ..."
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Testing of three-dimensional (3D) stacked ICs (SICs) is starting to receive considerable attention in the semiconductor industry. Since the die-stacking steps of thinning, alignment, and bonding can introduce defects, there is a need to test multiple subsequent partial stacks during 3D assembly. We address the problem of testarchitecture optimization for 3D stacked ICs to minimize overall test time when either the complete stack only, or the complete stack and multiple partial stacks, need to be tested. We show that optimal test-architecture solutions and test schedules for multiple test insertions are different from their counterparts for a single final stack test. In addition, we present optimization techniques for the testing of TSVs and die-external logic in combination with the dies in the stack. 1
Test Cost Analysis for 3D Die-to-Wafer Stacking
- in Proceedings of the 19th IEEE Asian Test Symposium (ATS), 2010
"... Abstract The industry is preparing itself for three-dimensional stacked ..."
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Abstract The industry is preparing itself for three-dimensional stacked
Test-Architecture Optimization and Test Scheduling for TSV-Based 3-D Stacked ICs
- IEEE Transactions on CAD of Integrated Circuits and Systems
, 2011
"... (SICs) are becoming increasingly important in the semiconductor industry. In this paper, we address test architecture optimization for 3-D stacked ICs implemented using TSVs. We consider two cases, namely 3-D SICs with die-level test architectures that are either fixed or still need to be designed. ..."
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(SICs) are becoming increasingly important in the semiconductor industry. In this paper, we address test architecture optimization for 3-D stacked ICs implemented using TSVs. We consider two cases, namely 3-D SICs with die-level test architectures that are either fixed or still need to be designed. We next present mathematical programming techniques to derive optimal solutions for the architecture optimization problem for both cases. Experimental results for three handcrafted 3-D SICs comprising of various systems-on-a-chip (SoCs) from the ITC’02 SoC test benchmarks show that compared to the baseline method of sequentially testing all dies, the proposed solutions can achieve significant reduction in test length. This is achieved through optimal test schedules enabled by the test architecture. We also show that increasing the number of test pins typically provides a greater reduction in test length compared to an increase in the number of test TSVs. Furthermore, we show that shorter test lengths are generally achieved with the larger, more complex dies lower in the stack. This is because test data must pass through every die lower in a stack in order to reach its target die, and with the larger dies lower in the stack, more test bandwidth may be provided to these dies using fewer routing resources. Index Terms—3-D SIC, DFT, ILP, optimization. I.