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...(That is, there are multiple ways of expressing the same constraints). It is a daunting task to know if two FDs are equivalent; how tools handle redundant representations is left to tool implementors =-=[12]-=-. It is possible to show that two FDs are equivalent if their propositional formulas are equivalent. See [17] for details. 4 Logic Truth Maintenance Systems Feature models are the basis for declarativ...

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... an explicit reference to what they call “non–functional” features related to feature attributes. In addition, other groups of authors have also proposed the inclusion of attributes in feature models =-=[5, 7, 11, 12, 29, 30, 73, 96]-=-. There is no consensus on a notation to define attributes. However, most proposals agree that an attribute should consist at least of a name, a domain and a value. Figure 2 depicts a sample feature m...

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...eling Feature modeling was originally proposed as part of the Feature-Oriented Domain Analysis (FODA) method [5], and since then, it has been applied in a range of business and technical domains (see =-=[6]-=- for list of applications with references). In this work, we use cardinality-based feature modeling [7], which extends the original feature modeling from FODA with feature and group cardinalities, fea...

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...rdt and Philippow, 2002; Czarnecki et al., 2002; Czarnecki, Helsen and Eisenecker, 2004b). 1.1 Contributions and Overview This paper is based on our previous work on cardinality-based feature models (=-=Czarnecki et al., 2004-=-b). In that work, we introduced cardinality-based feature modeling as an integration and extension of existing approaches. We also introduced and motivated the notion of staged configuration. The pres...

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...neers to explain how changes to a feature model have altered the program membership of an SPL is a fundamental problem. In prior work, Czarnecki et al. defined operations to specialize feature models =-=[13, 14, 25]-=-, where a feature model X is a specialization of a feature model Y if the set of products in X is a subset of that in Y. Alves et al. discussed operations called refactorings that maintain the set of ...

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...s. Regardless of what tools and processes are used to configure SPL variants, however, there is always the possibility that mistakes will occur. For example, large SPLs often use staged configuration =-=[11, 12]-=-, where features are selected in multiple stages to form a complete configuration iteratively, rather than choosing all features at once. At a late stage in the configuration process, developers may r...

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... notation has been extended through cardinality-based feature modeling [Cza05c], feature attributes, references to feature models and reference attributes, multi-staged and multi-level configurations =-=[Cza05d]-=-, external constraints, and grouped feature cardinality [Cza05e]. These extensions allow a greater degree of expression and unlock a greater potential for its application 4in GSD. The process of remo...

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... Boolean value of the feature at configuration time. The example constraints represent existential dependencies between features and ontology elements, which can be either positive, negative, or full =-=[7]-=-. In a positive existential dependency, if a feature is selected, then the corresponding ontology element must exist. For example, constraint 1 states that if the business viewpoint indicates that an ...

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...g decision models into a number of interrelated model fragments [29]. In FM several authors have proposed approaches to define a set of interrelated feature models, such as multi-level feature models =-=[54, 26]-=-. Schirmeier and Spinczyk [56] discuss top-down, bottom-up, and hybrid forms of composing feature models in multi-layered product lines. An upcoming survey gives a detailed account of modularization t...