This paper examines 40 articles published in Information Technologies & Inter-national Development between 2003 and 2010 to identify commonalities among projects that failed to meet some or all of their development objec-tives. We considered whether the selected papers articulated clear develop-ment objectives and whether baseline data were used to inform project de-sign. We then evaluated two factors associated with how the development objectives were implemented: the development perspective (top-down vs. bottom-up) and the project focus (the technology vs. the community). Our goal was not to ªnd fault with our colleagues or their work; rather, we sought to advance the debate about the effectiveness of ICTD initiatives. We conclude that top-down, technology-centric, goal-diffuse approaches to ICTD contribute to unsatisfactory development results. Careful consideration of development objectives, perspective, and focus is essential in all phases of an ICTD project, from design through deployment. Honest and comprehensive reporting of fail-ure (and success) helps ICTD researchers and practitioners to focus on best practices in meeting critical development needs. 1.

Watersheds, especially in the developing world, are increasingly being managed for both environmental conservation and poverty alleviation. How complementary are these objectives? In the context of a watershed, the actual and potential linkages between land and water management and poverty are complex and likely to be very site specific and scale dependent. This study analyzes the importance of watershed resources in the livelihoods of the poor in two Andean watersheds. Results of the participatory poverty analysis reveal significant decreases in poverty in both watersheds over the past 25 years, achieved largely by diversification of livelihoods outside of agriculture. Water is an important resource for household’s welfare; however opportunities for reducing poverty by increasing the quantity or quality of water available to the poor may be limited. While improved watershed management may have limited direct benefit in terms of poverty alleviation, there are also important indirect linkages between watershed management and poverty, mainly through labor and service markets. The results also suggest that the interests of rich and poor are not necessarily in conflict. Sectoral rather than socio-economic differences may define stakeholder groups. The findings have implications for policymakers, planners and practitioners in various sectors

livestock-related research and development strategies and policies, not only in Peru, but in other regions where similar livelihood of the 1.7 million ‘extreme poor ’ live in highland rural areas, where poverty remains an intractable issue. While there is a considerable amount of literature on poverty little research has been done. This paper addresses these two knowledge gaps, present-ing a participatory poverty dynamics approach that exam-ines households ’ pathways into and out of poverty over the long run, applied to 40 rural Andean communities in two different regions of Peru. The approach offered a unique