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...intensification of row crop production have resulted in the loss of habitat and spatial heterogeneity in agroecosystem, which affects the ecosystem provisioning services [24]. Land use conversion from natural lands to croplands, grazing lands, and urban areas has been increased over time, resulted in reduced or modified biodiversity, altered functional processes, and diminished provision of ecosystem goods and services to society globally [25–27]. Some studies also indicated that the intensive agricultural development could change land use, which can further affect regional ecosystem services [28]. 2.2. Influences of LUC on the Ecosystem Services from Forest and/or Grassland. Forest and grassland ecosystems are indispensable constituent parts of terrestrial ecosystems which play important roles in global climate variations. Climate variations affect the water yield of forest and/or grassland ecosystems via its direct influence on precipitation and evaporation process of atmosphere hydrologic cycle. LUC including converting grassland or shrub lands to plantations, afforestation and reforestation, are gaining attention globally and will alter many ecosystem processes, including water yie...

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...We wanted to understand if alternative forage is likely to be moresimportant in supporting bee visitation to crops or in drawing pollinators away from crops throughscompetition (Abel and Wilson 1998, =-=Dale and Polasky 2007-=-, Karanja et al. 2010).sWe also investigated connections between general diversity of bees on site withspollination service. One way to measure overall site species diversity is with the use of bowlst...

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.... And, as long as the world faces an increase in global, regional and local populations, there will always be some added pressure on the natural resource base—the land,sfor increased food production. =-=[1]-=- noted that the most common causes of water body impairment are sediments,spathogens, nutrients, metals, dissolved oxygen and other habitat alteration and agricultural practices, which provide the foc...

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...f disservices, including loss of biodiversity, agrochemical contamination and sedimentation of waterways, pesticide poisoning of nontarget organisms, and emissions of greenhouse gases and pollutants (=-=Dale & Polasky 2007-=-; Zhang et al. 2007). These disservices come at a significant cost to humans, but there is often a mismatch between the benefits, which accrue to the agricultural sector, and the costs, which are typi...

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...arming and ecosystems are not always positive,showever: farmers incur costs from the functioning of certain ecosystems and agriculturescan negatively impact ecosystem function and the delivery of ES (=-=Dale & Polasky, 2007-=-;sZhang et al., 2007). Habitat loss and non-point source pollution are major disservicessfrom agriculture to surrounding ecosystems. Competition from natural ecosystemssincluding weed and pest damage ...

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...rvices provided by farming systems, such as conservation of biodiversity or maintenance of cultural landscapes (Piorr, 2003), are difficult to measure due to the temporal and spatial scales involved (=-=Dale and Polasky, 2007-=-). For this reason, and despite their importance, these services tend to be ignored in sustainability analyses. Significant research efforts deserve to be allocated to studying which environmental ind...

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... diminish other ecosystem services as well. Protection of groundwater and surface water quality can be threatened by intensification because of increased nutrients, agrochemicals and dissolved salts (=-=Dale & Polasky 2007-=-). Loss of riparian vegetation that often accompanies intensification can result in significant sedimentation of waterways and dams. Other studies, however, have suggested that initial conversion to a...