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...le evidence indicates that small farmers are often left out of these modern supply chains; 1 however, emerging literature suggests that small farmers may also benefit from the abovementioned changes (=-=Maertens and Swinnen 2006-=-; Minten et al. 2008; Swinnen 2007). Global retail chains do not invest uniformly in all countries and some - especially poorer - countries have been left behind in the retail revolution. 2 In an effo...

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...erty rates exceed 80% of the population (Balat and Porto, 2006). Since yields per hectare more than doubled after the success of the outgrower contracts, sizeable drops in poverty should be expected (=-=Maertens and Swinnen, 2009-=-). The remainder of the paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, we review the main reforms in cotton markets and the main expected impacts on yields. In Section 3, we introduce the Post Harvest d...

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...nally, recent studies also show that, even where large estates are the main localsproduction systems, poor rural households may benefit importantly from modernssupply chains through the labor market (=-=Maertens and Swinnen, 2009-=-; Maertens etsal., 2008).sWhile we have learned a lot about the development implications of thesemergence of modern supply chains, the literature so far has been almost uniquelysempirical. Exceptions ...

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...ionssof potential private and non-governmentsservice providers, and sufficiently strongsincentives to see services delivered thatsinnovation and learning in service promotionsand coordination result. =-=Maertens and Swinnen 2007-=- provide a strikingsexample of the poverty reduction benefits of largescale agricultural development: export horticulturesin Senegal. Here, early smallholder-based growthswas forestalled by changes in...

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...ogy of farming system, the smaller farmers and the new migrants enjoyed an income increase thanks to new jobs opportunities (+24% for local seasonal workers and better access to cash in the most representative scenario20, +50% for the migrants). Even if their income is still limited compared to others farmers/herders of the Mivili area, they are the one who have benefited in the first place from the company implementation and its indirect effects (wage increase and paid labor relations), all the more that they did not lose land access (cf infra). Hence, as observed in a case study in Senegal (Maertens and Swinnen, 2009), the more vulnerable households are net beneficiary of the large farm development. But these advantages can be counterbalanced in the midterm, if the fewer labor investment in mutual aid system induce less support from their social networks and then the deprivation of an important safety net; and in the long term, when company jobs are mainly proposed during the rainy season (jatropha harvesting tasks overlapping then on rice production tasks) and priority is given to seasonal/migrant labor. Based on the typology of farming system, the bigger farmers are constrained to pay higher wages/moneta...

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...sresearch as to better try to understand the impacts of these changes on producers, consumers, andson the food system as a whole (e.g. Reardon et al, 2010; Pingali, 2007; Swinnen and Vandeplas,s2010; =-=Maertens and Swinnen, 2009-=-).sOne of the changes in food systems that has recently been documented is the decline of the salessof loose products and the rapid emergence of branded products in food retail in Asia (Minten etsal.,...

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...al households in these countries,sthere is still debate on the welfare implications. Some studies show that the expansionsof modern supply chains increases rural incomes and alleviates rural povertys(=-=Maertens and Swinnen, 2009-=-; Swinnen, 2007). Other reports have argued thats2 modern supply chains bring about adverse development effects and exacerbatesexisting inequalities in rural areas of developing countries because the ...