primarily uses qualitative method of data collection. Information was gathered from public officials, market managers and traders in two automobile spare parts market in Lagos-Automobile Spare Parts and Machinery Dealers Association (ASPMDA) and Ladipo Automobile Spare Parts Market. It examines economic geography of automobile spare parts trade in Lagos in terms of location, interaction and distribution. It also investigates the nature of changes and reasons for the occurred changes in this geography. The findings suggest that automobile spare parts petty traders demonstrate interconnectedness between places through international and interregional trade. There is an embedded distribution in Africa of manufactured goods produced in the semi-periphery with automobile spare parts petty traders serving as a link between China (the global semi-peripheral manufacturing) and Sub-Saharan African’s retailers. This thesis provides implications, and concludes based on the research findings that the automobile spare parts traders in Lagos contribute to both economic and spatial development of Lagos and demonstrates Nigerian's participation in the globalization processes.

This research has benefited from the financial contribution of ERF as part of the ERF-GDN Regional Research Competition. The content of this publication is the sole responsibility of the authors and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of ERF or GDN. Send correspondence to:

Today, scholars and human rights activists for more national and international responsibilities in a "right to health for everyone " exchange ideas and also propose some strategies. One of the major international problems of health hazards result from globalization. The Relationship between globalization and health aspects of economic, technological, political, social, scientific and cultural should be studied. This study intends to review the aspects of economic, social and political globalization on the health. In this case,Kof index is which includes all three aspects of economic, social and political globalization agenda. The results show that economic globalization has a negative effect on health in developing countries and globalization, social and political effects are positive and statistically significant. The result is the same for both women and men, and there are only minor differences in the coefficients.

In East Asia, a large number of multinational enterprises have vigorously expanded their production networks since the 1990s. In addition, various infrastructures for trade and transportation have been rapidly constructed in recent years. In the mainland part of

UNU-WIDER gratefully acknowledges the financial contribution of the Finnish Ministry of Foreign Affairs to this project, and the contributions from the governments of Denmark (Royal Ministry of

Some historical background of institutional economics of development In this Lecture I shall try to • unbundle the complex of institutions important for development, going beyond the narrow focus of the current institutional economics literature on security of property rights • speculate on the processes of institutional change, or lack of change, in particular on the central question, in my judgment, of institutional economics of development-- why do dysfunctional institutions persist over long periods of time • have some discussion of governance institutions and bring out in this context a central dilemma: autonomy vs. accountability Our focus all through will be on the role of distributive conflicts in shaping institutions

ki ng P ap er How resilient are farming households, communities, men and women to a changing climate in Africa?

Institutional Economics is now a thriving subject in development, as it should be, since the major difference between the economics of rich and poor countries is arguably in the different institutional framework we implicitly or explicitly use in understanding or analyzing them. Other substantial differences, say in geography or culture or history also work sometimes through institutional differences. As institutional economics of development is a vast subject, in this paper I shall confine myself to a subset of institutional issues, still keeping the range rather broad, broader than most of the other chapters in this book. In this chapter, after a brief foray into the history of economic thought regarding institutions particularly in development economics, I shall mainly try to (a) unbundle the complex of generic institutions important for development, going beyond the narrow focus of the current institutional 1 economics literature on security of property rights; (b) speculate on the

Institutional Economics is now a thriving subject in development, as it should be, since the major difference between the economics of rich and poor countries is arguably in the different institutional framework we implicitly or explicitly use in understanding or analyzing them. Other substantial differences, say in geography or culture or history also work sometimes through institutional differences. As institutional economics of development is a vast subject, in this paper I shall confine myself to a subset of institutional issues, still keeping the range rather broad, broader than most of the other chapters in this book. In this chapter, after a brief foray into the history of economic thought regarding institutions particularly in development economics, I shall mainly try to (a) unbundle the complex of generic institutions important for development, going beyond the narrow focus of the current institutional 2 economics literature on security of property rights; (b) speculate on the processes of institutional change (or lack of change), in particular on what should be a central question of institutional economics of development-- why do dysfunctional institutions persist over long periods of time-- and focus on the impact of distributive conflicts in this context; and (c) wrap up with a reference to a central dilemma in governance institutions and some suggestions for future research. Our focus all through will be on the role of distributive conflicts in shaping institutions.

This paper focuses mainly on the conceptual and measurement aspects of poverty and describes the methods of estimating the incidence of poverty in India. The sensitivity of movements in poverty to the methods used employing National Sample Survey data on consumer expenditure as available from different rounds at the all India level separately for the rural and urban sector has been presented for (a) judging the robustness in the pattern of poverty to the manner in which poverty is measured and (b) for drawing conclusion about progress in poverty alleviation. Trend in relative poverty employing different inequality measures has been presented. Lastly, efforts made on pilot basis for obtaining profile of the poor utilising National Sample Survey data on consumer expenditure and identification of poor families through below poverty line (BPL) census have been reported.