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S.K.S.: Spatio-temporal thermal-aware job scheduling to minimize energy consumption in virtualized heterogeneous data centers (Elsevier
- Computer Networks, Special Issue on Resource Management in Heterogeneous Data Centers
"... Job scheduling in data centers can be considered from a cyber-physical point of view, as it affects the data center’s computing performance (i.e. the cyber aspect) and energy efficiency (the physical aspect). Driven by the growing needs to green contemporary data centers, this paper uses recent tech ..."
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Cited by 38 (9 self)
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Job scheduling in data centers can be considered from a cyber-physical point of view, as it affects the data center’s computing performance (i.e. the cyber aspect) and energy efficiency (the physical aspect). Driven by the growing needs to green contemporary data centers, this paper uses recent technological advances in data center virtualization and proposes cyber-physical, spatio-temporal (i.e. start time and servers assigned), thermal-aware job scheduling algorithms that minimize the energy consumption of the data center under performance constraints (i.e. deadlines). Savings are possible by being able to temporally “spread ” the workload, assign it to energy-efficient computing equipment, and further reduce the heat recirculation and therefore the load on the cooling systems. This paper provides three categories of thermal-aware energy-saving scheduling techniques: a) FCFS-Backfill-XInt and FCFS-Backfill-LRH, thermal-aware job placement enhancements to the popular first-come first-serve with back-filling (FCFSbackfill) scheduling policy; b) EDF-LRH, an online earliest-deadline-first scheduling algorithm with thermal-aware placement; and c) an offline genetic algorithm for SCheduling to minimize thermal cross-INTerference (SCINT), which is suited for batch scheduling of backlogs. Simulation results, based on real job logs from the ASU Fulton HPC data center, show that the thermal-aware enhancements to FCFS-backfill achieve up to 25 % savings compared to FCFS-backfill with first-fit placement, depending on the intensity of the incoming workload, while SCINT achieves up to 60 % savings. The performance of EDF-LRH nears that of the offline SCINT for low loads, and it degrades to the performance of FCFS-backfill for high loads. However, EDF-LRH requires milliseconds
DENS: Data Center Energy-Efficient Network-Aware Scheduling
- in ACM/IEEE International Conference on Green Computing and Communications (GreenCom
, 2010
"... Abstract — In modern data centers, energy consumption accounts for a considerably large slice of operational expenses. The state of the art in data center energy optimization is focusing only on job distribution between computing servers based on workload or thermal profiles. This paper underlines t ..."
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Cited by 31 (19 self)
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Abstract — In modern data centers, energy consumption accounts for a considerably large slice of operational expenses. The state of the art in data center energy optimization is focusing only on job distribution between computing servers based on workload or thermal profiles. This paper underlines the role of communication fabric in data center energy consumption and presents a scheduling approach that combines energy efficiency and network awareness, termed DENS. The DENS methodology balances the energy consumption of a data center, individual job performance, and traffic demands. The proposed approach optimizes the tradeoff between job consolidation (to minimize the amount of computing servers) and distribution of traffic patterns (to avoid hotspots in the data center network). Keywords-network-aware scheduling, energy-efficient, data center, cloud computing, congestion I.
Minimizing data center cooling and server power costs
- in Proceedings of the 2003 International Symposium on Low Power Electronics and Design (ISLPED’09
, 2009
"... ABSTRACT This paper focuses on power minimization in a data center accounting for both the information technology equipment and the air conditioning power usage. In particular we address the server consolidation (on/off state assignment) concurrently with the task assignment. We formulate the resul ..."
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Cited by 29 (1 self)
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ABSTRACT This paper focuses on power minimization in a data center accounting for both the information technology equipment and the air conditioning power usage. In particular we address the server consolidation (on/off state assignment) concurrently with the task assignment. We formulate the resulting optimization problem as an Integer Linear Programming problem and present a heuristic algorithm that solves it in polynomial time. Experimental results show an average of 13% power saving for different data center utilization rates compared to a baseline task assignment technique, which does not perform server consolidation.
Thermal Aware Server Provisioning And Workload Distribution For Internet Data Centers ∗
"... With the increasing popularity of Internet-based information retrieval and cloud computing, saving energy in Internet data centers (a.k.a. hosting centers, server farms) is of increasing importance. Current research approaches are based on dynamically adjusting the active server set in order to turn ..."
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Cited by 23 (7 self)
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With the increasing popularity of Internet-based information retrieval and cloud computing, saving energy in Internet data centers (a.k.a. hosting centers, server farms) is of increasing importance. Current research approaches are based on dynamically adjusting the active server set in order to turn off a portion of the servers and save energy without compromising the quality of service; the workload is then distributed, conventionally equally (i.e. balanced), across the active servers. Although there is ample work that demonstrates energy savings through dynamic server provisioning, there is little work on thermal-aware server provisioning. This paper provides a formulation of the thermal aware active server set provisioning (TASP), in a nonlinear minimax binary integer programming form, and a series of heuristic approaches to solving them, namely MiniMax, bb-sLRH, CP-sLRH and sLRH. Furthermore, it introduces thermal-aware workload distribution (TAWD) among the active servers. The proposed heuristics are evaluated using a thermal model of the ASU HPCI data center, while the request traffic is based on real web traces of the 1998 FIFA World Cup as well as the SPECweb2009 suite. The TASP heuristics are found to outperform a power-aware–only server set selection scheme (CPSP), by up to 9.3 % for the simulated scenario. The order of achieved energy efficiency is: MiniMax (9.3 % savings), CP-sLRH (9.2%), bb-sLRH (8.6%), sLRH (5.8%), compared to CPSP.
A ‘cool’ load balancer for parallel applications
- In Proceedings of the 2011 ACM/IEEE conference on Supercomputing
, 2011
"... Meeting power requirements of huge exascale machines of the future would be one major challenge. Our focus in this paper is to minimize cooling power and we propose a tech-nique, that uses a combination of DVFS and temperature aware load balancing to constrain core temperatures as well as save cooli ..."
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Cited by 22 (11 self)
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Meeting power requirements of huge exascale machines of the future would be one major challenge. Our focus in this paper is to minimize cooling power and we propose a tech-nique, that uses a combination of DVFS and temperature aware load balancing to constrain core temperatures as well as save cooling energy. Our scheme is specifically designed to suit parallel applications which are typically tightly coupled. The temperature control comes at the cost of execution time and we try to minimize the timing penalty. We experiment with three applications (with different power utilization profiles), run on a 128-core (32-node) cluster with a dedicated air conditioning unit. We calibrate the efficacy of our scheme based on three metrics: ability to control aver-age core temperatures thereby avoiding hot spot occurence, timing penalty minimization, and cooling energy savings. Our results show cooling energy savings of up to 57 % with timing penalty mostly in the range of 2 to 20%. 1.
Towards Thermal Aware Workload Scheduling in a Data Center
"... Abstract—High density blade servers are a popular technology for data centers, however, the heat dissipation density of data centers increases exponentially. There is strong evidence to support that high temperatures of such data centers will lead to higher hardware failure rates and thus an increas ..."
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Cited by 21 (2 self)
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Abstract—High density blade servers are a popular technology for data centers, however, the heat dissipation density of data centers increases exponentially. There is strong evidence to support that high temperatures of such data centers will lead to higher hardware failure rates and thus an increase in maintenance costs. Improperly designed or operated data centers may either suffer from overheated servers and potential system failures, or from overcooled systems, causing extraneous utilities cost. Minimizing the cost of operation (utilities, maintenance, device upgrade and replacement) of data centers is one of the key issues involved with both optimizing computing resources and maximizing business outcome. This paper proposes an analytical model, which describes data center resources with heat transfer properties and workloads with thermal features. Then a thermal aware task scheduling algorithm is presented which aims to reduce power consumption and temperatures in a data center. A simulation study is carried out to evaluate the performance of the algorithm. Simulation results show that our algorithm can significantly reduce temperatures in data centers by introducing endurable decline in performance.
Suo H, "A survey of cyberphysical systems
- International Conference on Wireless Communications and Signal Processing
, 2011
"... Abstract — Cyber-Physical Systems (CPSs) are characterized by integrating computation and physical processes. The theories and applications of CPSs face the enormous challenges. The aim of this work is to provide a better understanding of this emerging multi-disciplinary methodology. First, the feat ..."
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Cited by 20 (4 self)
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Abstract — Cyber-Physical Systems (CPSs) are characterized by integrating computation and physical processes. The theories and applications of CPSs face the enormous challenges. The aim of this work is to provide a better understanding of this emerging multi-disciplinary methodology. First, the features of CPSs are described, and the research progresses are summarized from different perspectives such as energy control, secure control, transmission and management, control technique, system resource allocation, and model-based software design. Then three classic applications are given to show that the prospects of CPSs are engaging. Finally, the research challenges and some suggestions for future work are in brief outlined. Keywords – cyber-physical systems (CPSs); communications; computation; control I.
Thermocast: a cyber-physical forecasting model for data centers
- In 17th ACM Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining
, 2011
"... ABSTRACT Efficient thermal management is important in modern data centers as cooling consumes up to 50% of the total energy. Unlike previous work, we consider proactive thermal management, whereby servers can predict potential overheating events due to dynamics in data center configuration and work ..."
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Cited by 20 (3 self)
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ABSTRACT Efficient thermal management is important in modern data centers as cooling consumes up to 50% of the total energy. Unlike previous work, we consider proactive thermal management, whereby servers can predict potential overheating events due to dynamics in data center configuration and workload, giving operators enough time to react. However, such forecasting is very challenging due to data center scales and complexity. Moreover, such a physical system is influenced by cyber effects, including workload scheduling in servers. We propose ThermoCast, a novel thermal forecasting model to predict the temperatures surrounding the servers in a data center, based on continuous streams of temperature and airflow measurements. Our approach is (a) capable of capturing cyberphysical interactions and automatically learning them from data; (b) computationally and physically scalable to data center scales; (c) able to provide online prediction with real-time sensor measurements. The paper's main contributions are: (i) We provide a systematic approach to integrate physical laws and sensor observations in a data center; (ii) We provide an algorithm that uses sensor data to learn the parameters of a data center's cyber-physical system. In turn, this ability enables us to reduce model complexity compared to full-fledged fluid dynamics models, while maintaining forecast accuracy; (iii) Unlike previous simulation-based studies, we perform experiments in a production data center. Using real data traces, we show that ThermoCast forecasts temperature 2× better than a machine learning approach solely driven by data, and can successfully predict thermal alarms 4.2 minutes ahead of time.
Cooling-Aware and Thermal-Aware Workload Placement for Green HPC Data Centers
"... Abstract—High Performance Computing (HPC) data centers are becoming increasingly dense; the associated power-density and energy consumption of their operation is increasing. Up to half of the total energy is attributed to cooling the data center; greening the data center operations to reduce both co ..."
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Cited by 20 (1 self)
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Abstract—High Performance Computing (HPC) data centers are becoming increasingly dense; the associated power-density and energy consumption of their operation is increasing. Up to half of the total energy is attributed to cooling the data center; greening the data center operations to reduce both computing and cooling energy is imperative. To this effect: i) the Energy Inefficiency Ratio of SPatial job scheduling (a.k.a. job placement) algorithms, also referred as SP-EIR, is analyzed by comparing the total (computing + cooling) energy consumption incurred by the algorithms with the minimum possible energy consumption, while assuming that the job start times are already decided to meet the Service Level Agreements (SLAs); and ii) a coordinated coolingaware job placement and cooling management algorithm, Highest Thermostat Setting (HTS), is developed. HTS is aware of dynamic behavior of the Computer Room Air Conditioner (CRAC) units and places the jobs in a way to reduce the cooling demands from the CRACs. Dynamic updates of the CRAC thermostat settings based on the cooling demands can enable a reduction in energy consumption. Simulation results based on power measurements and job traces from the ASU HPC data center show that: i) HTS reduces the SP-EIR by 15 % compared to LRH, a thermal-aware spatial scheduling algorithm; and ii) in conjunction with FCFS-Backfill, HTS increases the throughput per unit energy by 6.89% and 5.56%, respectively, over LRH and MTDP (an energy-efficient spatial scheduling algorithm with server consolidation). I.
Temperature-aware dynamic resource provisioning in a power-optimized datacenter
- Design, Automation & Test in Europe Conference
"... Abstract- The current energy and environmental cost trends of datacenters are unsustainable. It is critically important to develop datacenter-wide power and thermal management (PTM) solutions that improve the energy efficiency of the datacenters. This paper describes one such approach where a PTM en ..."
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Cited by 16 (0 self)
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Abstract- The current energy and environmental cost trends of datacenters are unsustainable. It is critically important to develop datacenter-wide power and thermal management (PTM) solutions that improve the energy efficiency of the datacenters. This paper describes one such approach where a PTM engine decides on the number and placement of ON servers while simultaneously adjusting the supplied cold air temperature. The goal is to minimize the total power consumption (for both servers and air conditioning units) while meeting an upper bound on the maximum temperature seen in any server chassis in the data center. To achieve this goal, it is important to be able to predict the incoming workload in terms of requests per second (which is done by using a short-term workload forecasting technique) and to have efficient runtime policies for bringing new servers online when the workload is high or shutting them off when the workload is low. Datacenter-wide power saving is thus achieved by a combination of chassis consolidation and efficient cooling. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed dynamic resource provisioning method. 1 Keywords-datacenter, cloud computing, resource provisioning, energy efficient, power optimization, temperature aware I.