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... demand varying data semantics. Directories such as Yahoo! [64] maintain a database of soft state with BASE semantics, but keep user customization profiles in an ACID database. Transformation proxies =-=[22,57]-=- interposed between clients and servers transform Internet content on-the-fly; so the transformed content is BASE data that can be regenerated by computation, but if the service bills the user per ses...

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...ies share many of the same systems-level concerns, such as code mobility, naming, security, and coordination. Many projects have used transcoding to adapt service content to better suit small devices =-=[6, 15, 29, 34, 35, 36, 49, 50]-=-. Additionally, a number of projects have attempted to develop universal interfaces for large classes of devices, including the recent WAP protocol stack [44]. Instead of assuming that a single standa...

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...t. Another problem is that network appliances are often restricted in their computational power, which makes content adaptation at the device slow, or even impossible. Most content adaptation systems =-=[7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,18] a-=-re http proxy based. The proxy intercepts client device’s requests for Web pages, fetches the requested content, adapts it and sends the adapted version to the client. This content adaptation is oft...

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...ven me his unwavering support, vision, and trust. 1 1 Introduction The recent explosive growth of the Internet [32] has resulted in a similar explosion of web-oriented middleware services ([15], [3], =-=[6]-=-). These middleware services, particularly the more popular services that experience extremely high load, must overcome a number of challenging system design issues in order to maintain fast response ...

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...ormatted on the basis of page annotation. However, this approach requires a practical solution to facilitate the creation of annotations for existing web pages. The re-authoring technique proposed in =-=[2]-=- required web pages to have sections and section headers, which however, are rarely used in web page authoring today. In the work of Buyukkokten et al. [3,4], an accordion representation is generated ...

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...ination of transformation and aggregation by TACC workers results in an extremely general programming model; in fact, transformation proxies [Bro+96], proxy filters and caches, customized aggregators =-=[SB97]-=-, and search engines are all subsumed by the TACC model. Caching plays an interesting role in TACC, because in addition to caching original Internet content, the caches in our architecture can store p...

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...mantic zooming. There are four general approaches to displaying web pages on small screen devices: device-specific authoring, multidevice authoring, automatic re-authoring, and client-side navigation =-=[4]-=-. The first two approaches obtain highquality results by authoring for device specifics (e.g., [13]). This requires the effort and cooperation of the individual page authors, and cannot be applied to ...

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...h tasks [2, 22]. Many techniques have been developed to make interaction easier for small displays, such as overlapping widgets through transparency [17] and graceful image degradation [10]. Digestor =-=[1]-=- provides device-independent access to Web pages. It also uses structural page transformations and sentence elision. However, Digestor links deleted text, instead of hiding it as in accordion summariz...