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S.: The physiology of the grid: An open grid services architecture for distributed systems integration (2002) http: //www.globus.org/alliance/publications/papers/ogsa.pdf (0)

by I Foster, C Kesselman, J M Nick, Tuecke
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The eucalyptus open-source cloud-computing system

by Daniel Nurmi, Rich Wolski, Chris Grzegorczyk, Graziano Obertelli, Sunil Soman, Lamia Youseff, Dmitrii Zagorodnov - In Proceedings of Cloud Computing and Its Applications [Online
"... Cloud computing systems fundamentally provide access to large pools of data and computational resources through a variety of interfaces similar in spirit to existing grid and HPC resource management and programming systems. These types of systems offer a new programming target for scalable applicati ..."
Abstract - Cited by 415 (9 self) - Add to MetaCart
Cloud computing systems fundamentally provide access to large pools of data and computational resources through a variety of interfaces similar in spirit to existing grid and HPC resource management and programming systems. These types of systems offer a new programming target for scalable application developers and have gained popularity over the past few years. However, most cloud computing systems in operation today are proprietary, rely upon infrastructure that is invisible to the research community, or are not explicitly designed to be instrumented and modified by systems researchers. In this work, we present EUCALYPTUS – an opensource software framework for cloud computing that implements what is commonly referred to as Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS); systems that give users the ability to run and control entire virtual machine instances deployed across a variety physical resources. We outline the basic principles of the EUCALYPTUS design, detail important operational aspects of the system, and discuss architectural trade-offs that we have made in order to allow Eucalyptus to be portable, modular and simple to use on infrastructure commonly found within academic settings. Finally, we provide evidence that EUCALYPTUS enables users familiar with existing Grid and HPC systems to explore new cloud computing functionality while maintaining access to existing, familiar application development software and Grid middle-ware. 1
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...cloud computing [7, 15, 33, 38]. The original metaphor for a computational utility, in fact, gives grid computing its name. While grid computing and cloud computing share a services oriented approach =-=[16, 17]-=- and may appeal to some of the same users (e.g., researchers and analysts performing loosely-coupled parallel computations), they differ in two key ways. First, grid systems are architected so that in...

Operating System Support for Planetary-Scale Network Services

by Andy Bavier, Mic Bowman, Brent Chun, David Culler, Scott Karlin, Steve Muir, Larry Peterson, Timothy Roscoe, Tammo Spalink, Mike Wawrzoniak , 2004
"... PlanetLab is a geographically distributed overlay network designed to support the deployment and evaluation of planetary-scale network services. Two high-level goals shape its design. First, to enable a large research community to share the infrastructure, PlanetLab provides distributed virtualizati ..."
Abstract - Cited by 266 (20 self) - Add to MetaCart
PlanetLab is a geographically distributed overlay network designed to support the deployment and evaluation of planetary-scale network services. Two high-level goals shape its design. First, to enable a large research community to share the infrastructure, PlanetLab provides distributed virtualization, whereby each service runs in an isolated slice of PlanetLab’s global resources. Second, to support competition among multiple network services, PlanetLab decouples the operating system running on each node from the networkwide services that define PlanetLab, a principle referred to as unbundled management. This paper describes how Planet-Lab realizes the goals of distributed virtualization and unbundled management, with a focus on the OS running on each node. 1
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...ly local set of cooperating tasks. The problem of distributed coordination of resources, in turn, has been explored in the context of Condor [26] and more recently the Open Grid Services Architecture =-=[16]-=-. However, both these systems are aimed at the execution of batch computations, rather than the support of long-running network services. They also seek to define complete architectures within which s...

Cloud Computing and Grid Computing 360-Degree Compared

by Ian Foster, Yong Zhao, Ioan Raicu, Shiyong Lu , 2008
"... Cloud Computing has become another buzzword after Web 2.0. However, there are dozens of different definitions for Cloud Computing and there seems to be no consensus on what a Cloud is. On the other hand, Cloud Computing is not a completely new concept; it has intricate connection to the relatively ..."
Abstract - Cited by 248 (9 self) - Add to MetaCart
Cloud Computing has become another buzzword after Web 2.0. However, there are dozens of different definitions for Cloud Computing and there seems to be no consensus on what a Cloud is. On the other hand, Cloud Computing is not a completely new concept; it has intricate connection to the relatively new but thirteen-year established Grid Computing paradigm, and other relevant technologies such as utility computing, cluster computing, and distributed systems in general. This paper strives to compare and contrast Cloud Computing with Grid Computing from various angles and give insights into the essential characteristics of both.
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...percomputers and Clouds.sFigure 1: Grids and Clouds OverviewsGrid Computing aims to “enable resource sharing andscoordinated problem solving in dynamic, multi-institutionalsvirtual organizations” [18]=-=[20]-=-. There are also a few keysfeatures to this definition: First of all, Grids provide asdistributed computing paradigm or infrastructure that spanssacross multiple virtual organizations (VO) where each ...

Sharp: An architecture for secure resource peering

by Yun Fu, Jeffrey Chase, Brent Chun, Stephen Schwab, Amin Vahdat - In Proceedings of the 19th ACM Symposium on Operating System Principles , 2003
"... This paper presents Sharp, a framework for secure distributed resource management in an Internet-scale computing infrastructure. The cornerstone of Sharp is a construct to represent cryptographically protected resource claims— promises or rights to control resources for designated time intervals—tog ..."
Abstract - Cited by 193 (36 self) - Add to MetaCart
This paper presents Sharp, a framework for secure distributed resource management in an Internet-scale computing infrastructure. The cornerstone of Sharp is a construct to represent cryptographically protected resource claims— promises or rights to control resources for designated time intervals—together with secure mechanisms to subdivide and delegate claims across a network of resource managers. These mechanisms enable flexible resource peering: sites may trade their resources with peering partners or contribute them to a federation according to local policies. A separation of claims into tickets and leases allows coordinated resource management across the system while preserving site autonomy and local control over resources. Sharp also introduces mechanisms for controlled, accountable oversubscription of resource claims as a fundamental tool for dependable, efficient resource management. We present experimental results from a Sharp prototype for PlanetLab, and illustrate its use with a decentralized barter economy for global PlanetLab resources. The results demonstrate the power and practicality of the architecture, and the effectiveness of oversubscription for protecting resource availability in the presence of failures.

On death, taxes, and the convergence of peer-to-peer and grid computing

by Ian Foster, Adriana Iamnitchi - In 2nd International Workshop on Peer-to-Peer Systems (IPTPS’03 , 2003
"... It has been reported [26] that life holds but two certainties, death and taxes. And indeed, despite much effort devoted to circumventing both phenomena, it does appear that any society—and in the context of this paper, any large-scale distributed system—must address both death (failure) and the esta ..."
Abstract - Cited by 187 (4 self) - Add to MetaCart
It has been reported [26] that life holds but two certainties, death and taxes. And indeed, despite much effort devoted to circumventing both phenomena, it does appear that any society—and in the context of this paper, any large-scale distributed system—must address both death (failure) and the establishment and maintenance of infrastructure (which we assert is a major motivation for taxes, so as to
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...Significant effort has been channeled towards the standardization of protocols and interfaces to enable interoperability between different Grid deployments. The Open Grid Services Architecture (OGSA) =-=[23]-=- is such an effort: it integrates Grid and Web services technologies to define a service-oriented architecture within which all services adhere to a set of standard interfaces and behaviors (some requ...

SNAP: A protocol for negotiating service level agreements and coordinating resource management in distributed systems

by Karl Czajkowski, Ian Foster - In 8th Workshop on Job Scheduling Strategies for Parallel Processing , 2002
"... A fundamental problem with distributed applications is how to map activities such as computation or data transfer onto a set of resources that will meet the application’s requirement for performance, cost, security, or other quality of service metrics. An application or client must engage in a multi ..."
Abstract - Cited by 176 (12 self) - Add to MetaCart
A fundamental problem with distributed applications is how to map activities such as computation or data transfer onto a set of resources that will meet the application’s requirement for performance, cost, security, or other quality of service metrics. An application or client must engage in a multi-phase negotiation process with resource managers, as it discovers, reserves, acquires, configures, monitors, and potentially renegotiates resource access. We present a generalized resource management model in which resource interactions are mapped onto a well defined set of symmetric and resource independent service level agreements. We instantiate this model in (the Service Negotiation and Acquisition Protocol (SNAP) which provides integrated support for lifetime management and an at-most-once creation semantics for SLAs. The result is a resource management framework for distributed systems that we believe is more powerful and general than current approaches. We explain how SNAP can be deployed within the context of the Globus Toolkit. 1

Giggle: A Framework for Constructing Scalable Replica Location Services

by Ann Chervenak, Ewa Deelman, Ian Foster, Leanne Guy , Wolfgang Hoschek, Adriana Iamnitchi, Carl Kesselman, Peter Kunszt, Matei Ripeanu, Bob Schwartzkopf, Heinz Stockinger, Kurt Stockinger, Brian Tierney , 2002
"... In wide area computing systems, it is often desirable to create remote read-only copies (replicas) of files. Replication can be used to reduce access latency, improve data locality, and/or increase robustness, scalability and performance for distributed applications. We define a replica location ser ..."
Abstract - Cited by 158 (37 self) - Add to MetaCart
In wide area computing systems, it is often desirable to create remote read-only copies (replicas) of files. Replication can be used to reduce access latency, improve data locality, and/or increase robustness, scalability and performance for distributed applications. We define a replica location service (RLS) as a system that maintains and provides access to information about the physical locations of copies. An RLS typically functions as one component of a data grid architecture. This paper makes the following contributions. First, we characterize RLS requirements. Next, we describe a parameterized architectural framework, which we name Giggle (for GIGa-scale Global Location Engine), within which a wide range of RLSs can be defined. We define several concrete instantiations of this framework with different performance characteristics. Finally, we present initial performance results for an RLS prototype, demonstrating that RLS systems can be constructed that meet performance goals.
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...he RLS. We also discussshow policies regarding the partitioning of the index among RLIs are specified and maintained.sThese mechanisms are compatible with the emerging Open Grid Services Architecture =-=[12]-=-.sEach LRC and RLI server maintains self-descriptive metadata. At deployment time, each serversis configured by the virtual organization with information about one or more components in thessystem. At...

Dynamic virtual clusters in a grid site manager

by Jeffrey S. Chase, David E. Irwin, Laura E. Grit, Justin D. Moore, Sara E. Sprenkle - In Proceedings of the Twelfth International Symposium on High Performance Distributed Computing (HPDC-12 , 2003
"... This paper presents new mechanisms for dynamic resource management in a cluster manager called Clusteron-Demand (COD). COD allocates servers from a common pool to multiple virtual clusters (vclusters), with independently configured software environments, name spaces, user access controls, and networ ..."
Abstract - Cited by 154 (28 self) - Add to MetaCart
This paper presents new mechanisms for dynamic resource management in a cluster manager called Clusteron-Demand (COD). COD allocates servers from a common pool to multiple virtual clusters (vclusters), with independently configured software environments, name spaces, user access controls, and network storage volumes. We present experiments using the popular Sun GridEngine batch scheduler to demonstrate that dynamic virtual clusters are an enabling abstraction for advanced resource management in computing utilities and grids. In particular, they support dynamic, policy-based cluster sharing between local users and hosted grid services, resource reservation and adaptive provisioning, scavenging of idle resources, and dynamic instantiation of grid services. These goals are achieved in a direct and general way through a new set of fundamental cluster management functions, with minimal impact on the grid middleware itself. 1
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...n,grit,justin,sprenkle}@cs.duke.edu Mixed-use sharing creates new challenges for cluster management, particularly for grid-connected clusters. The outlines of the next-generation grid are now visible =-=[9, 10, 12, 13, 25]-=-: it will include policy-based resource management, distributed authorization, dynamic instantiation of software environments and services, resource reservations for predictable application service qu...

Utility functions in autonomic systems

by William E. Walsh, Gerald Tesauro, Jeffrey O. Kephart, Rajarshi Das - In Proceedings of the International Conference on Autonomic Computing , 2004
"... Utility functions provide a natural and advantageous framework for achieving self-optimization in distributed autonomic computing systems. We present a distributed architecture, implemented in a realistic prototype data center, that demonstrates how utility functions can enable a collection of auton ..."
Abstract - Cited by 145 (5 self) - Add to MetaCart
Utility functions provide a natural and advantageous framework for achieving self-optimization in distributed autonomic computing systems. We present a distributed architecture, implemented in a realistic prototype data center, that demonstrates how utility functions can enable a collection of autonomic elements to continually optimize the use of computational resources in a dynamic, heterogeneous environment. Broadly, the architecture is a two-level structure of independent autonomic elements that supports flexibility, modularity, and self-management. Individual autonomic elements manage application resource usage to optimize local service-level utility functions, and a global Arbiter allocates resources among application environments based on resource-level utility functions obtained from the managers of the applications. We present empirical data that demonstrate the effectiveness of our utility function scheme in handling realistic, fluctuating Web-based transactional workloads running on a Linux cluster. 1
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... [1], and provides facilities for communication among elements so that different elements may run on different machines connected to a LAN or the Internet. The communication is based on standard OGSA =-=[9]-=- interfaces; other standard Web interfacessare currently under development. We used Unity to cast the Resource Arbiter, the Application Managers, and individual servers as autonomic elements. Unity al...

Virtual Workspaces: Achieving Quality of Service and Quality

by K. Keahey, I. Foster, T. Freeman X. Zhang - of Life in the Grid. Scientific Programming Journal , 2005
"... By defining standardized protocols for discovering, accessing, monitoring, and managing remote computers, storage systems, networks, and other resources, Grid technologies make it possible—in principle—to allocate resources to applications dynamically, in an on-demand fashion [1]. However, while Gri ..."
Abstract - Cited by 125 (17 self) - Add to MetaCart
By defining standardized protocols for discovering, accessing, monitoring, and managing remote computers, storage systems, networks, and other resources, Grid technologies make it possible—in principle—to allocate resources to applications dynamically, in an on-demand fashion [1]. However, while Grids offer users access to many diverse and powerful resources, they do little to ensure that once a
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...d managing remote computers, storage systems, networks, and other resources, Grid technologies make it possible—in principle—to allocate resources to applications dynamically, in an on-demand fashion =-=[1]-=-. However, while Grids offer users access to many diverse and powerful resources, they do little to ensure that once a resource is accessed, it fulfills user expectations for quality of service (QoS)....

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