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28
Intrinsic versus extrinsic goal contents in self-determination theory: Another look at the quality of academic motivation
- Educational Psychologist
, 2006
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Psychological entitlement: Interpersonal consequences and validation of a selfreport measure
- Journal of Personality Assessment
, 2004
"... Nine studies were conducted with the goal of developing a self-report measure of psychological entitlement and assessing its interpersonal consequences. The Psychological Entitlement Scale (PES) was found to be reliable and valid (Study 1, 2), not associated with social desirability (Study 2), stabl ..."
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Nine studies were conducted with the goal of developing a self-report measure of psychological entitlement and assessing its interpersonal consequences. The Psychological Entitlement Scale (PES) was found to be reliable and valid (Study 1, 2), not associated with social desirability (Study 2), stable across time (Study 3), and correlated negatively with two of the Big Five factors: agreeableness and emotional stability (Study 4). The validity of the PES was confirmed in studies that assessed willingness to take candy designated for children (Study 5) and reported deservingness of pay in a hypothetical employment setting (Study 6). Finally, the PES was linked to important interpersonal consequences including competitive choices in a commons dilemma (Study 7), selfish approaches to romantic relationships (Study 8), and aggression following ego threat (Study 9). Psychological entitlement has a pervasive and largely unconstructive impact on social behavior. Entitlement is at the heart of many questions concerning the distribution of resources in society, from tax breaks and social welfare to university enrollments and even access to good seats for football games. This is perhaps the reason why
Examining the motivational impact of intrinsic versus extrinsic goal framing and autonomysupportive versus controlling communication style on early adolescents' academic achievement
- Child Development
, 2005
"... The present experimental research examined whether framing early adolescents ’ (11- to 12-year-olds) learning activity in terms of the attainment of an extrinsic (i.e., physical attractiveness) versus intrinsic (i.e., health) goal and communicating these different goal contents in an internally cont ..."
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The present experimental research examined whether framing early adolescents ’ (11- to 12-year-olds) learning activity in terms of the attainment of an extrinsic (i.e., physical attractiveness) versus intrinsic (i.e., health) goal and communicating these different goal contents in an internally controlling versus autonomy-supportive way affect performance. Both conceptual and rote learning were assessed. Three experimental field studies, 2 among obese and 1 among nonobese participants, confirmed the hypothesis that extrinsic goal framing and internal control undermine conceptual (but not rote) learning, even in comparison with a control group. Study 3 indi-cated that the positive effect of intrinsic goal framing on conceptual learning was mediated by task involvement, whereas the positive effect of autonomy-supportive communication style on conceptual learning was mediated by relative autonomous motivation. Various studies indicate that children’s natural inter-est and engagement in learning declines over the el-ementary school years (Anderman & Maehr, 1994; Lepper & Hodell, 1989), which most likely negatively affects their achievement as well. Several researchers have claimed that this trend is, at least in part, due to
In search of the organismic valuing process: The human tendency to move toward beneficial goal choices
- Journal of Personality
, 2003
"... ABSTRACT We attempted to test Rogers ’ (1951) concept of the organismic valuing process (OVP) by assessing changes in peoples ’ goal choices over time. When changes occur, are they more or less random, or do people tend to move towards goals that are more likely to be beneficial, both for themselves ..."
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ABSTRACT We attempted to test Rogers ’ (1951) concept of the organismic valuing process (OVP) by assessing changes in peoples ’ goal choices over time. When changes occur, are they more or less random, or do people tend to move towards goals that are more likely to be beneficial, both for themselves and others? ‘‘Beneficial’ ’ goals were defined as goals typically associated with subjective well-being (SWB) and with prosocial behavior—specifically, we focused on the distinction between intrinsic and extrinsic goal contents (Kasser & Ryan, 1996). In three studies, participants tended to move towards intrinsic goals and/or away from extrinsic goals over periods ranging from 20 minutes to 6 weeks. These changes were not reducible to social desirability nor to the differing motives underlying differing goal contents, did not vary for persons of different value-types, and had not changed when participants were retested a third time. We conclude that people may have a positive bias toward changing their minds in directions most likely to be SWB enhancing.
Goals, congruence, and positive well-being: New empirical support for humanistic theories.
- Journal of Humanistic Psychology,
, 2001
"... is an assistant professor of psychology at the University of Missouri-Columbia. In addition to personal goals and well-being, Ken also studies social dilemmas and the types of values that enable their successful resolution. His longterm goal is to develop an integrated psychology of positive motiva ..."
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is an assistant professor of psychology at the University of Missouri-Columbia. In addition to personal goals and well-being, Ken also studies social dilemmas and the types of values that enable their successful resolution. His longterm goal is to develop an integrated psychology of positive motivation by combining humanistic, evolutionary, and dynamical systems theories. TIM KASSER is an assistant professor of psychology at Knox College in Galesburg, IL. His research investigates a variety of aspects of values and goals, with a particular emphasis on people's materialistic, extrinsic aspirations. At Knox, he teaches classes such as clinical and abnormal psychology, theories of personality, dying and death, and dreaming. Summary Although some have suggested that humanistic theories and quantitative methodologies are inherently contradictory, this article will try to demonstrate that they can be quite complementary. To this end, the authors will review their own findings with regard to the nature of "positive motivation," research that has been based in humanistic theoretical ideas but that also has employed state-ofthe-art quantitative methodologies, longitudinal designs, and causal 30
Does legal education have undermining effects on law students? Evaluating changes in motivation, values and well-being
- Behavioral Sciences & the Law
, 2004
"... We evaluated changes in subjective well-being (SWB), motivation, and values occurring over the law-student career. In study 1, law students began with levels of SWB higher than a comparison sample of undergraduates, but by the end of the first year their SWB had plummeted. These changes were correla ..."
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We evaluated changes in subjective well-being (SWB), motivation, and values occurring over the law-student career. In study 1, law students began with levels of SWB higher than a comparison sample of undergraduates, but by the end of the first year their SWB had plummeted. These changes were correlated with the sample-wide de-creases in intrinsic motivation over the first year, and were also correlated with increases in appearance values and decreases in community service values. Those with the most intrinsic motivations attained the highest grades, but, ironically, high grades in turn predicted shifts in career preferences towards ‘‘lucrative’ ’ and higher-stress law careers, and away from ‘‘service’’-oriented and poten-tially more satisfying law careers. The declines persisted over the second and third years of law school. In study 2,
Development and validation of the Goal Content for Exercise Questionnaire. Manuscript submitted for publication
, 2007
"... tive to extrinsic, goal content is a critical predictor of the quality of an individual’s behavior and psychological well-being. Through three studies, we developed and psychometrically tested a measure of intrinsic and extrinsic goal content in the exercise context: the Goal Content for Exercise Qu ..."
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tive to extrinsic, goal content is a critical predictor of the quality of an individual’s behavior and psychological well-being. Through three studies, we developed and psychometrically tested a measure of intrinsic and extrinsic goal content in the exercise context: the Goal Content for Exercise Questionnaire (GCEQ). In adults, exploratory (N = 354; Study 1) and confirmatory factor analyses (N = 312; Study 2) supported a 20-item solution consisting of 5 lower order factors (i.e., social affiliation, health management, skill development, image and social recognition) that could be subsumed within a 2-factor higher order structure (i.e., intrinsic and extrinsic). Evidence for external validity, temporal stability, gender invariance, and internal consistency of the GCEQ was found. An independent sample (N = 475; Study 3) provided further support for the lower order structure of the GCEQ and some support for the higher order structure. The GCEQ was supported as a measure of exercise-based goal content, which may help understand how intrinsic and extrinsic goals can motivate exercise behavior.
Presenting a Positive Alternative to Strivings for Material Success and the Thin Ideal: Understanding the Effects of Extrinsic Relative to Intrinsic Goal Pursuits
"... Contemporary consumer culture offers a seemingly promising pathway to developing a satisfying and happy life. In numerous advertisements, we are told that the pursuit of a good life can be equated with a ‘‘goods life’’ (Kasser, 2002) or with the attainment of a ‘‘perfect body’ ’ (Dittmar, 2007). The ..."
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Contemporary consumer culture offers a seemingly promising pathway to developing a satisfying and happy life. In numerous advertisements, we are told that the pursuit of a good life can be equated with a ‘‘goods life’’ (Kasser, 2002) or with the attainment of a ‘‘perfect body’ ’ (Dittmar, 2007). The mass media suggests that if we manage to garner the posses-sions that are presented to us on TV and in glossy magazines and if we are able to reach the idealized body images that role models exemplify, we are more likely to be satisfied with ourselves and with our lives in general. In bringing this message, the mass media creates a dream world in which wealth and the attainment of good looks are glorified as indicators of hap-piness and success (Kasser, Cohn, Kanner, & Ryan, 2007). In line with the exponential growth of consumer culture over the past decades, psychologists have become increasingly interested in examining whether the promise of the ‘‘American Dream’ ’ (Kasser & Ryan, 1993) holds some truth or whether it represents a myth in which people might even get entrapped (Dittmar, 2007). The purpose of this chapter is to frame this discussion about consumerism and the good life within a well-grounded motivational theory, that is, Self-Determination Theory (SDT; Deci & Ryan, 2000; Ryan & Deci, 2000) and the qualitative distinction this theory makes between intrinsic goals (e.g., self-development, commu-nity contribution) and extrinsic goals (e.g., financial success, status). In doing so, we will not only focus on the implications of pursuing extrinsic goals, but, following the positive psychology perspective (Seligman & Csikszentmihalyi, 2000), we also consider a positive alternative, that is, the pursuit of intrinsic goals. Furthermore, we move beyond the personal and social well-being correlates of people’s goal pursuits (see Kasser, 2002, for
Multilevel modeling of motivation: A selfdetermination theory analysis of basic psychological needs
- Handbook of methods in positive psychology
, 2007
"... Motivation is, by its very nature, a dynamic process. Human motives and desires fluctuate in direction and strength according to inner promptings and environmental contingencies that can facilitate or inhibit the satisfaction of needs, and desires also vary as individuals nego-tiate their day-to-day ..."
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Motivation is, by its very nature, a dynamic process. Human motives and desires fluctuate in direction and strength according to inner promptings and environmental contingencies that can facilitate or inhibit the satisfaction of needs, and desires also vary as individuals nego-tiate their day-to-day lives. This dynamic char-acter of motivation has implications for research designs and analytic approaches used to investi-gate it. Because traditional one-occasion, experi-mental, and longitudinal approaches typically provide very limited opportunities to model the dynamic variability of motivation, researchers have begun to pair nontraditional methods such as experience sampling with analytic tools such as multilevel modeling to extend our understanding of motivation as it operates in day-to-day con-texts. In this chapter, we discuss recent research using multilevel approaches to modeling the variable nature of motivation and its conse-quences. Specifically, we focus on recent efforts to understand the expression of three basic psy-chological needs specified by self-determination
10.1177/0146167203260716 ARTICLEPERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETINCozzolino et al. / GREED, DEATH, AND VALUES Greed, Death, and Values: From Terror Management to Transcendence Management Theory
"... Research supporting terror management theory has shown that participants facing their death (via mortality salience) exhibit more greed than do control participants. The present research attempts to distinguish mortality salience from other forms of mortality awareness. Specifically, the authors loo ..."
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Research supporting terror management theory has shown that participants facing their death (via mortality salience) exhibit more greed than do control participants. The present research attempts to distinguish mortality salience from other forms of mortality awareness. Specifically, the authors look to reports of near-death experiences and posttraumatic growth which reveal that many people who nearly die come to view seeking wealth and possessions as empty and meaningless. Guided by these reports, a manipulation called death reflection was generated. In Study 1, highly extrinsic participants who experienced death reflection exhibited intrinsic behavior. In Study 2, the manipu-lation was validated, and in Study 3, death reflection and mor-tality salience manipulations were compared. Results showed that mortality salience led highly extrinsic participants to mani-fest greed, whereas death reflection again generated intrinsic, unselfish behavior. The construct of value orientation is dis-cussed along with the contrast between death reflection manipu-lation and mortality salience.
