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...s to negative evocative images. Trail Making Test A is a task requiring processing speed, visual search, motor control, and attention; Trail Making Test B adds an additional component of set-shifting (Strauss et al., 2006). This finding is generally similar to that reported by Seeley et al. (2007) for their executive control network, which demonstrated a resting-state functional connectivity correlation with performance on the Trail Making Test, although their localization of this effect was in the lateral parietal cortex. This finding is also highly consistent with a task-related fMRI study (Sridharan et al., 2008) showing that anetwork comprising the right fronto-insula and dACC is involved in switching between the central executive network and the default mode network. Our right dAI network is similar to other intrinsic networks, most notably the “ventral attention” (Corbetta and Shulman, 2002), the “basal ganglia-fronto-insula” (Shulman et al., 2009), the “cingulo-operculum control” (Dosenbach et al., 2007; Nelson et al., 2010) and the “frontoparietal control” networks (Vincent et al., 2008). Task-related fMRI studies have shown increases in the activity of many regions within dAI network (dACC, MFG,...

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...ributing to action understanding (Pobric and Hamilton, 2006). On the other hand, left inferior frontal gyrus has also been related to response inhibition and cognitive control (Derrfuss et al., 2005; =-=Sridharan et al., 2008-=-; Swick et al., 2008; Christakou et al., 2009; Goghari et al., 2009; Jakobs et al., 2009). More specifically, evidence suggests that the inferior frontal gyrus can be differentially engaged when cogni...

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... 2010), particularly, in switching between executive control of tasks similar to the maintenance task employed in this study and the ‘‘default mode network’’ associated with task-free brain activity (=-=Sridharan et al. 2008-=-). Recent applications of graph theory have distinguished multiple subsystems for the ‘‘top down’’ control of behavior, distinguishing between the maintenance of control in the medial prefrontal corte...

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... niversity C ollege L ondon on Septem ber 10, 2012 http://brain.oxfordjournals.org/ D ow nloaded from Notably, abnormalities in von Economo neurons have been observed in children with autism (Santos et al., 2011) and patients with frontotemporal dementia and callosal agenesis (Seeley et al., 2006; Kaufman et al., 2008; Kim et al., 2012), both conditions characterized by prominent deficits in empathy. Grounded in such unique anatomy, anterior insular cortex is well suited for intuitive and ‘effortless’ information processing (Kuo et al., 2009) and for effectively switching between task states (Sridharan et al., 2008). Therefore, we propose that the behavioural deficits observed in anterior insular cortex patients are due to the failure of anterior insular cortex to effectively link sensory inputs with the abstract representation of subjective feelings and emotional awareness and, consequently, failure to discriminate between emotionally salient information from neutral events. This proposal is supported by observed behavioural deficits that anterior insular cortex lesion worsened patients’ discrimination accuracy of perception of another person’s pain but did not significantly interfere with their likelih...

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...a sense of evaluation [33,43,44]. Although meditation is associated with relaxation and high parasympathetic activity, there are some exceptions that show an increase in sympathetic activity [93]. Whether these practices require clear effort during the tasks and induce sympathetic activity warrants further investigation. Using IBMT to achieve the meditation state, Tang et al. showed that five days of training differed from relaxationtraining chiefly in greater activity in the ventral ACC, left insula, and striatum [33]. Unlike relaxation and the other tasks used in cognitive switching studies [68] and the early stage of meditation, the more advanced stages show reduced activity in the lateral PFC and parietal cortex [52,56]. This difference may underlie the low subjective difficulty or effort reported by participants in obtaining the meditation state, in comparison with effortful control or reappraisal processing during detection of mind wandering and/or refocusing the target during the meditation, which often induces brain activation in the attention networks [43,50–52,55,56,62]. IBMT involves less effort to control thoughts, but instead induces a state of restful alertness. The proce...

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...ieribone, Nickell, & Shipley, 1986; Gompf et al., 2010; Sara & Herve-Minvielle, 1995) and have previously been identified as critical nodes in a performance monitoring network (Mottaghy et al., 2006; =-=Sridharan, Levitin, & Menon, 2008-=-; Ullsperger, Harsay, Wessel, & Ridderinkhof, 2010). It is therefore possible that the periodic large pupil dilations we observed may reflect phasic LC activations driven by higher cortical performanc...

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...(ACC), ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC), dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and the fronto-insular cortex (FIC) have emerged as putative sites for implementing different aspects of control =-=[4,5,6,7,8,9,10]-=-. Yet, even in adults, how these brain regions interact and implement control is poorly understood. This is especially surprising because, almost by definition, control processes should involve multip...