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Self-compassion: An alternative conceptualization of a healthy attitude toward oneself. (2003)

by K D Neff
Venue:Self and Identity,
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Development and validation of a scale to measure self-compassion

by Kristin D. Neff - Self and Identity
"... This article defines the construct of self-compassion and describes the development of the Self-Compassion Scale. Self-compassion entails being kind and understanding toward oneself in instances of pain or failure rather than being harshly self-critical; perceiving one’s experiences as part of the l ..."
Abstract - Cited by 196 (17 self) - Add to MetaCart
This article defines the construct of self-compassion and describes the development of the Self-Compassion Scale. Self-compassion entails being kind and understanding toward oneself in instances of pain or failure rather than being harshly self-critical; perceiving one’s experiences as part of the larger human experience rather than seeing them as isolating; and holding painful thoughts and feelings in mindful awareness rather than over-identifying with them. Evidence for the validity and reliability of the scale is presented in a series of studies. Results indicate that selfcompassion is significantly correlated with positive mental health outcomes such as less depression and anxiety and greater life satisfaction. Evidence is also provided for the discriminant validity of the scale, including with regard to self-esteem measures. Recent years have seen an increasing dialogue between Eastern philosophical
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...hose interested in self-concepts and selfattitudes, is the construct of self-compassion (Bennett-Goleman, 2001; Brown, 1999; Hahn, 1997; Kornfield, 1993; Salzberg, 1997). Previous work by the author (=-=Neff, 2003-=-) has attempted to define self-compassion and consider its relationship to other aspects of psychological functioning. The current article describes the development and validation of a scale to measur...

Compassionate mind training for people with high shame and self-criticism: Overview and pilot study of a group of therapy approach

by Paul Gilbert, Sue Procter - Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy , 2006
"... Compassionate mind training (CMT) was developed for people with high shame and self-criticism, whose problems tend to be chronic, and who find self-warmth and self-acceptance difficult and/or frightening. This paper offers a short overview of the role of shame and self-criticism in psychological dif ..."
Abstract - Cited by 102 (8 self) - Add to MetaCart
Compassionate mind training (CMT) was developed for people with high shame and self-criticism, whose problems tend to be chronic, and who find self-warmth and self-acceptance difficult and/or frightening. This paper offers a short overview of the role of shame and self-criticism in psychological difficulties, the importance of considering different types of affect system (activating versus soothing) and the theory and therapy process of CMT. The paper explores patient acceptability, understanding, abilities to utilize and practice compassion focused processes and the effectiveness of CMT from an uncontrolled trial. Six patients attending a cognitive–behavioural-based day centre for chronic difficulties completed 12 two-hour sessions in compassionate mind training. They were advised that this was part of a research programme to look at the process and effectiveness of CMT and to become active collaborators, advising the researchers on what was helpful and what was not. Results showed significant reductions in depression, anxiety, self-criticism, shame, inferiority and submissive behaviour. There was also a significant increase in the participants’ ability to be self-soothing and focus on feelings of warmth and reassurance for the self. Compassionate mind training may be a useful addition for some patients with chronic difficulties, especially those from traumatic backgrounds, who may lack a sense of inner warmth or abilities to be self-soothing. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Shame has recently been recognized as a major component of a range of mental health problems and proneness to aggression (Gilbert, 1997, 2003; Gilligan, 2003; Tangney & Dearing, 2002). People can even risk death and serious injury in order to avoid shame and ‘loss of face’. Not only can shame influence vulnerability to mental health problems

Self-compassion versus global self-esteem: Two different ways of relating to oneself

by Kristin D. Neff, Roos Vonk - Journal of Personality , 2009
"... ABSTRACT This research examined self-compassion and self-esteem as they relate to various aspects of psychological functioning. Selfcompassion entails treating oneself with kindness, recognizing one’s shared humanity, and being mindful when considering negative aspects of oneself. Study 1 (N 5 2,187 ..."
Abstract - Cited by 60 (10 self) - Add to MetaCart
ABSTRACT This research examined self-compassion and self-esteem as they relate to various aspects of psychological functioning. Selfcompassion entails treating oneself with kindness, recognizing one’s shared humanity, and being mindful when considering negative aspects of oneself. Study 1 (N 5 2,187) compared self-compassion and global self-esteem as they relate to ego-focused reactivity. It was found that self-compassion predicted more stable feelings of self-worth than self-esteem and was less contingent on particular outcomes. Self-compassion also had a stronger negative association with social comparison, public self-consciousness, selfrumination, anger, and need for cognitive closure. Self-esteem (but not selfcompassion) was positively associated with narcissism. Study 2 (N 5 165) compared global self-esteem and self-compassion with regard to positive mood states. It was found that the two constructs were statistically equivalent predictors of happiness, optimism, and positive affect. Results from these two studies suggest that self-compassion may be a useful alternative to global self-esteem when considering what constitutes a healthy self-stance. The current studies examine psychological functioning as it relates to two distinct ways of thinking and feeling about oneself—self-esteem and self-compassion. Before describing the goals of the current studies, background on the constructs of self-esteem and selfcompassion is provided. Global Self-Esteem Over the years psychologists have offered many different definitions of self-esteem (Swann, Chang-Schneider, & McClarty, 2007) and Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Kristin D. Neff,

Self-compassion and psychological resilience among adolescents and young adults

by Kristin D. Neff, Pittman Mcgehee - Self and Identity , 2010
"... This article may be used for research, teaching and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, re-distribution, re-selling, loan or sub-licensing, systematic supply or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. The publisher does not give any warranty express ..."
Abstract - Cited by 32 (8 self) - Add to MetaCart
This article may be used for research, teaching and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, re-distribution, re-selling, loan or sub-licensing, systematic supply or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date. The accuracy of any instructions, formulae and drug doses should be independently verified with primary sources. The publisher shall not be liable for any loss, actions, claims, proceedings, demand or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material. Self and Identity, 9: 225–240, 2010

Loving-kindness and compassion meditation: Potential for psychological interventions.

by Stefan G Hofmann , Paul Grossman , Devon E Hinton , 2011
"... a b s t r a c t a r t i c l e i n f o Mindfulness-based meditation interventions have become increasingly popular in contemporary psychology. Other closely related meditation practices include loving-kindness meditation (LKM) and compassion meditation (CM), exercises oriented toward enhancing uncon ..."
Abstract - Cited by 31 (0 self) - Add to MetaCart
a b s t r a c t a r t i c l e i n f o Mindfulness-based meditation interventions have become increasingly popular in contemporary psychology. Other closely related meditation practices include loving-kindness meditation (LKM) and compassion meditation (CM), exercises oriented toward enhancing unconditional, positive emotional states of kindness and compassion. This article provides a review of the background, the techniques, and the empirical contemporary literature of LKM and CM. The literature suggests that LKM and CM are associated with an increase in positive affect and a decrease in negative affect. Preliminary findings from neuroendocrine studies indicate that CM may reduce stress-induced subjective distress and immune response. Neuroimaging studies suggest that LKM and CM may enhance activation of brain areas that are involved in emotional processing and empathy. Finally, preliminary intervention studies support application of these strategies in clinical populations. It is concluded that, when combined with empirically supported treatments, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy, LKM and CM may provide potentially useful strategies for targeting a variety of different psychological problems that involve interpersonal processes, such as depression, social anxiety, marital conflict, anger, and coping with the strains of long-term caregiving.
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...ve had higher negative emotions at baseline. Future, wellcontrolled, studies would provide valuable information about the therapeutic effects of LKM. In addition to studies examining the potential clinical utility of LKM, a number of authors have recently begun to examine selfdirected compassion. Self-directed self-compassion refers to the compassion about one's own suffering. The state of self-compassion involves generating the desire to alleviate one's suffering, healing oneself with kindness, recognizing one's shared humanity, and being mindful when considering negative aspects of oneself (Neff, 2003; Neff & Vonk, 2009; Thompson & Waltz, 2008). Leary, Tate, Adams, Allen, and Hancock(2007) conducted a number of studies with undergraduate student populations by using a self-report instrument to measure self-compassion as a trait variable. These studies suggest that self-compassion moderates reactions to distressing events involving failure, rejection, and embarrassment. Specifically, Leary et al. (2007) observed that individuals with high levels of selfcompassion reported less negative emotion when confronting real, imagined, or remembered negative events, were more willing to accept respon...

Promoting self-compassionate attitudes toward eating among restrictive and guilty eaters

by Claire E. Adams, Mark R. Leary - Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology , 2007
"... This study investigated the possibility that inducing a state of self–compassion would attenuate the tendency for restrained eaters to overeat after eating an unhealthy food preload (the disinhibition effect). College women completed measures of two components of rigid restrained eating: restrictive ..."
Abstract - Cited by 29 (6 self) - Add to MetaCart
This study investigated the possibility that inducing a state of self–compassion would attenuate the tendency for restrained eaters to overeat after eating an unhealthy food preload (the disinhibition effect). College women completed measures of two components of rigid restrained eating: restrictive eating (desire and effort to avoid eating unhealthy foods) and eating guilt (tendency to feel guilty after eating unhealthily). Then, participants were asked either to eat an unhealthy food preload or not and were induced to think self–compassionately about their eating or given no intervening treatment. Results showed that the self–compassion induction reduced distress and attenuated eating following the preload among highly restrictive eaters. The findings highlight the importance of specific individual differences in restrained eating and suggest benefits of self–compassionate eating attitudes. Research on restrained and unrestrained eaters has uncovered a paradoxical effect in which consuming food often results in increased eating for those who are trying to restrain their food intake. In the seminal experiment in this vein, Herman and Mack (1975) required normal–weight female restrained and unrestrained eaters to eat either zero, one, or two milkshakes and then allowed them to eat as much ice cream as they wanted in what appeared to be an ice cream taste test. The amount of ice This study was conducted as part of the first author’s Master’s thesis while both authors
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...beneficial than having high self–esteem when dealing with negative events (Leary, Tate, Adams, Allen, & Hancock, 2007). Self–compassion can be conceptualized as a relatively stable personality trait (=-=Neff, 2003-=-), but it also varies between situations and has been induced successfully with a state manipulation (Leary et al., 2007). People who are especially kind to themselves should be less self–critical whe...

Assessment Construction and Factorial Validation of a Short Form of the Self-Compassion Scale

by Filip Raes, Elizabeth Pommier, Kristin D. Neff, Dinska Van Gucht
"... The objective of the present study was to construct and validate a short-form version of the Self-Compassion Scale (SCS). Two Dutch samples were used to construct and cross-validate the factorial structure of a 12-item Self-Compassion Scale–Short Form (SCS–SF). The SCS-SF was then validated in a thi ..."
Abstract - Cited by 26 (1 self) - Add to MetaCart
The objective of the present study was to construct and validate a short-form version of the Self-Compassion Scale (SCS). Two Dutch samples were used to construct and cross-validate the factorial structure of a 12-item Self-Compassion Scale–Short Form (SCS–SF). The SCS-SF was then validated in a third, English sample. The SCS–SF demonstrated adequate internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha ≥ 0.86 in all samples) and a near-perfect correlation with the long form SCS (r ≥ 0.97 all samples). Confirmatory factor analysis on the SCS–SF supported the same six-factor structure as found in the long form, as well as a single higher-order factor of self-compassion. The SCS–SF thus represents a reliable and valid alternative to the long-form SCS, especially when looking at overall self-compassion scores. Copyright

A pilot study and randomized controlled trial of the Mindful Self-compassion Program

by Kristin D. Neff, Christopher K. Germer - Journal of Clinical Psychology , 2013
"... Objectives: The aim of these two studies was to evaluate the effectiveness of the Mindful Self-Compassion (MSC) program, an 8-week workshop designed to train people to be more selfcompassionate. Methods: Study 1 was a pilot study that examined change scores in selfcompassion, mindfulness, and variou ..."
Abstract - Cited by 15 (0 self) - Add to MetaCart
Objectives: The aim of these two studies was to evaluate the effectiveness of the Mindful Self-Compassion (MSC) program, an 8-week workshop designed to train people to be more selfcompassionate. Methods: Study 1 was a pilot study that examined change scores in selfcompassion, mindfulness, and various wellbeing outcomes among community adults (N = 21; mean [M] age = 51.26, 95 % female). Study 2 was a randomized controlled trial that compared a treatment group (N = 25; M age = 51.21; 78 % female) with a waitlist control group (N = 27; M age = 49.11; 82 % female). Results: Study 1 found significant pre/post gains in self-compassion, mindfulness, and various wellbeing outcomes. Study 2 found that compared with the control group, intervention participants reported significantly larger increases in self-compassion, mindfulness, and wellbeing. Gains were maintained at 6-month and 1-year follow-ups. Conclusions: The MSC program appears to be effective at enhancing self-compassion, mindfulness, and wellbeing. C ○ 2012 Wiley Periodicals,

Participants experiences of mindfulnessbased cognitive therapy: ‘‘It changed me in just about every possible way

by Mark Allen , Andrew Bromley , Willem Kuyken , Stefanie J Sonnenberg - Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy , 2009
"... Background: Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) is a promising approach to help people who suffer recurrent depression prevent depressive relapse. However, little is known about how MBCT works. Moreover, participants' subjective experiences of MBCT as a relapse prevention treatment rema ..."
Abstract - Cited by 11 (2 self) - Add to MetaCart
Background: Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) is a promising approach to help people who suffer recurrent depression prevent depressive relapse. However, little is known about how MBCT works. Moreover, participants' subjective experiences of MBCT as a relapse prevention treatment remain largely unstudied. Aim: This study examines participants' representations of their experience of MBCT and its value as a relapse-prevention program for recurrent depression. Method: Twenty people who had participated in MBCT classes for recurrent depression within a primary care setting were interviewed 12 months after treatment. The focus of the interview was on participants' reflections on what they found helpful, meaningful and difficult about MBCT as a relapse prevention program. Thematic analysis was used to identify the key patterns and elements in participants' accounts. Results and conclusions: Four overarching themes were extracted: control, acceptance, relationships and struggle. The theoretical, clinical and research implications are discussed.
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...king, and thereby increase acceptance of depression-related thoughts and feelings (Segal et al., 2002). However, our overarching theme of acceptance is broader than the notion of acceptance generally associated with MBCT. Participants described a sense of Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy 425 being understood, being able to let go of pretences and identifying with other people who suffer depression. This enabled them to become aware of, express and accept thoughts and feelings, including difficult experiences. The transformative power of acceptance has been articulated in social psychology (Neff, 2003), clinical psychology (Hayes, Follette and Linehan, 2004) and Buddhist psychology (Brach, 2003). In our analysis a number of themes were subsumed under control as an over-arching theme (Table 2). There was an evident change from helplessness to a sense of personal agency that could be seen across the data set. The findings should be interpreted in the context of a sample, which in many cases had a longstanding history of recurrent depression. It is also likely that they had experienced treatments that had either not been effective or only partially successful. Therefore, MBCT may have provided...

Child psychology

by Cathy Leann Thompson , 1952
"... Completion of this dissertation, and indeed my entire postgraduate education, would not have been possible without the help of many people. I thank Dr. Stephen Cook for his endless patience, boundless support, and careful attention to my work. I am grateful to Dr. Jim Clopton for his open door, wise ..."
Abstract - Cited by 10 (0 self) - Add to MetaCart
Completion of this dissertation, and indeed my entire postgraduate education, would not have been possible without the help of many people. I thank Dr. Stephen Cook for his endless patience, boundless support, and careful attention to my work. I am grateful to Dr. Jim Clopton for his open door, wise counsel, and generous assistance with every concern I brought to him. I thank Dr. Florence Phillips for instilling within me a love for my profession and an understanding of what it means to be a recipient of 'Hmconditional positive regard. " I would also like to thank the staff and feculty of the Texas Tech University Psychology Department for the consistently high quaUty of their instruction. My gratitude extends to Kami Leonard and Veronika Polisenska for the long hours and late nights they spent assisting me in collecting data for this project. I thank my parents, Gary and Nanetta Thompson, for their support, encouragement, and love. I know it has been a long "row to hoe, " but I have reached the end. Finally, I extend my endless love and gratitude to my husband, Jude Stanley, for his patience and love. My accomplishment is also yours.
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