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30
A survey of energy efficient network protocols for wireless networks
- Wireless Networks
, 2001
"... Abstract. Wireless networking has witnessed an explosion of interest from consumers in recent years for its applications in mobile and personal communications. As wireless networks become an integral component of the modern communication infrastructure, energy efficiency will be an important design ..."
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Cited by 278 (1 self)
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Abstract. Wireless networking has witnessed an explosion of interest from consumers in recent years for its applications in mobile and personal communications. As wireless networks become an integral component of the modern communication infrastructure, energy efficiency will be an important design consideration due to the limited battery life of mobile terminals. Power conservation techniques are commonly used in the hardware design of such systems. Since the network interface is a significant consumer of power, considerable research has been devoted to low-power design of the entire network protocol stack of wireless networks in an effort to enhance energy efficiency. This paper presents a comprehensive summary of recent work addressing energy efficient and low-power design within all layers of the wireless network protocol stack.
WiseMAC: An Ultra Low Power MAC Protocol for Multi-hop Wireless Sensor Networks.
- In Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Algorithmic Aspects of Wireless Sensor Networks (ALGOSENSORS 2004),
, 2004
"... Abstract. WiseMAC is a medium access control protocol designed for wireless sensor networks. This protocol is based on non-persistent CSMA and uses the preamble sampling technique to minimize the power consumed when listening to an idle medium. The novelty in this protocol consists in exploiting th ..."
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Cited by 197 (1 self)
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Abstract. WiseMAC is a medium access control protocol designed for wireless sensor networks. This protocol is based on non-persistent CSMA and uses the preamble sampling technique to minimize the power consumed when listening to an idle medium. The novelty in this protocol consists in exploiting the knowledge of the sampling schedule of one's direct neighbors to use a wake-up preamble of minimized size. This scheme allows not only to reduce the transmit and the receive power consumption, but also brings a drastic reduction of the energy wasted due to overhearing. WiseMAC requires no set-up signalling, no network-wide synchronization and is adaptive to the traffic load. It presents an ultralow power consumption in low traffic conditions and a high energy efficiency in high traffic conditions. The performance of the WiseMAC protocol is evaluated using simulations and mathematical analysis, and compared with S-MAC, T-MAC, CSMA/CA and an ideal protocol.
Minimizing Energy for Wireless Web Access with Bounded Slowdown
, 2002
"... On many battery-powered mobile computing devices, the wireless network is a significant contributor to the total energy consumption. In this paper, we investigate the interaction between energy-saving protocols and TCP performance for Web-like transfers. We show that the popular IEEE 802.11 power-sa ..."
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Cited by 171 (2 self)
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On many battery-powered mobile computing devices, the wireless network is a significant contributor to the total energy consumption. In this paper, we investigate the interaction between energy-saving protocols and TCP performance for Web-like transfers. We show that the popular IEEE 802.11 power-saving mode (PSM), a "static" protocol, can harm performance by increasing fast round trip times (RTTs) to 100 ms; and that under typical Web browsing workloads, current implementations will unnecessarily spend energy waking up during long idle periods. To overcome these problems, we present the Bounded-Slowdown (BSD) protocol, a PSM that dynamically adapts to network activity. BSD is an optimal solution to the problem of minimizing energy consumption while guaranteeing that a connection's RTT does not increase by more than a factor p over its base RTT, where p is a protocol parameter that exposes the trade-off between minimizing energy and reducing latency. We present several trace-driven simulation results that show that, compared to a static PSM, the Bounded-Slowdown protocol reduces average Web page retrieval times by 5-64%, while simultaneously reducing energy consumption by 1-14% (and by 13x compared to no power management).
Random key assignment for secure wireless sensor networks
- in Proceedings of the 1st ACM workshop on Security of ad hoc and sensor networks, SASN, Fairfax-VA
, 2003
"... A distributed Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is a collection of n sensors with limited hardware resources. Sensors can exchange messages via Radio Frequency (RF), whose range usually covers only a limited number of other sensors. An interesting problem is how to implement secure pair-wise communicati ..."
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Cited by 40 (0 self)
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A distributed Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is a collection of n sensors with limited hardware resources. Sensors can exchange messages via Radio Frequency (RF), whose range usually covers only a limited number of other sensors. An interesting problem is how to implement secure pair-wise communications among any pair of sensors in a WSN. A WSN requires completely distributed solutions which are particularly challenging due to the limited resources and the size of the network. Moreover, WSNs can be subject to several security threats, including the physical compromising of a sensor. Hence, any solution for secure pairwise communications should tolerate the collusion of a set of corrupted sensors. This paper describes a probabilistic model and two protocols to establish a secure pair-wise communication channel between any pair of sensors in the WSN, by assigning a small set of random keys to each sensor. We build, based on the first Direct Protocol, a second Co-operative Protocol where the assured level of security can dynamically change during the life-time of the WSN. Both protocols also guarantee implicit and probabilistic mutual authentication without any additional overhead and without the presence of a base station. The performance of the Direct Protocol is analytically characterized while, for the Co-operative Protocol, we provide both analytical evaluations and extensive simulations. For example, the results show that, assuming each sensor stores 120 keys, in a WSN composed of 1024 sensors with 32 corrupted sensors the probability of a channel corruption is negligible in the case of the Co-operative Protocol.
Random key-assignment for secure wireless sensor networks
- In SASN ’03
, 2003
"... A distributed Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is a collection of n sensors with limited hardware resources. Sensors can exchange messages via Radio Frequency (RF), whose range usually covers only a limited number of other sensors. An interesting problem is how to implement secure pair-wise communicati ..."
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Cited by 36 (2 self)
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A distributed Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is a collection of n sensors with limited hardware resources. Sensors can exchange messages via Radio Frequency (RF), whose range usually covers only a limited number of other sensors. An interesting problem is how to implement secure pair-wise communications among any pair of sensors in a WSN. A WSN requires completely distributed solutions which are particularly challenging due to the limited re-sources and the size of the network. Moreover, WSNs can be sub-ject to several security threats, including the physical compromis-ing of a sensor. Hence, any solution for secure pairwise communi-cations should tolerate the collusion of a set of corrupted sensors. This paper describes a probabilistic model and two protocols to es-tablish a secure pair-wise communication channel between any pair of sensors in the WSN, by assigning a small set of random keys to each sensor. We build, based on the first Direct Protocol, a second Co-operative Protocol. The Co-operative Protocol is adaptive: its security properties can be dynamically changed during the life-time of the WSN. Both protocols also guarantee implicit and probabilis-tic mutual authentication without any additional overhead and with-out the presence of a base station. The performance of the Direct Protocol is analytically characterized while, for the Co-operative Protocol, we provide both analytical evaluations and extensive sim-ulations. For example, the results show that, assuming each sensor stores 120 keys, in a WSN composed of 1024 sensors with 32 cor-rupted sensors the probability of a channel corruption is negligible in the case of the Co-operative Protocol. Keywords Distributed wireless sensors networks, key management protocols,
Low Power MAC Protocols for Infrastructure Wireless Sensor Networks
- In Proceedings of the Fifth European Wireless Conference
, 2004
"... This paper addresses low power MAC protocols for the downlink of infrastructure wireless sensor networks. We are interested in the trade-off between power consumption and transmission delay, focusing on low traffic. We describe WiseMAC (Wireless Sensor MAC), a new protocol for the downlink of infras ..."
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Cited by 29 (2 self)
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This paper addresses low power MAC protocols for the downlink of infrastructure wireless sensor networks. We are interested in the trade-off between power consumption and transmission delay, focusing on low traffic. We describe WiseMAC (Wireless Sensor MAC), a new protocol for the downlink of infrastructure wireless sensor networks. Another original contribution is the analysis of the performance of PTIP (Periodic Terminal Initiated Polling). Here, polling is used in the reversed direction as compared to common polling protocols. WiseMAC and PTIP are compared with PSM, the power save protocol used in both the IEEE 802.11 and IEEE 802.15.4 ZigBee standards. Analytical expressions are given for the power consumption and the transmission delay for each protocol, as a function of the wake-up period. It is shown that WiseMAC provides, for the same delay, a significantly lower power consumption than PSM. Although less energy efficient than WiseMAC and PSM, it is shown that PTIP can, thanks to its implementation simplicity, become attractive for applications tolerating large transmission delays .
On Scheduling Of Multimedia Services In A Low-Power MAC For Wireless ATM Networks
, 1999
"... This paper describes the design and analysis of the scheduling algorithm for EC-MAC (energy conserving medium access control) [1], a low-power medium access control (MAC) protocol for wireless and mobile ATM networks. Based on the structure of EC-MAC and the characteristics of wireless channel, we p ..."
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Cited by 26 (4 self)
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This paper describes the design and analysis of the scheduling algorithm for EC-MAC (energy conserving medium access control) [1], a low-power medium access control (MAC) protocol for wireless and mobile ATM networks. Based on the structure of EC-MAC and the characteristics of wireless channel, we propose a new algorithm which can deal with the bursty errors and the location-dependent errors. Most scheduling algorithms proposed for either wired or wireless networks were analyzed with homogeneous traffic or multimedia services with simplified traffic models. We analyze our scheduling algorithm with more realistic multimedia traffic models. One of the key goals of the scheduling algorithm is simplicity and fast implementation. Unlike the time-stamp based algorithm, our algorithm does not need to sort the virtual time, thus reducing the complexity of the algorithm significantly.
Power Efficient Topologies for Wireless Sensor Networks
- In International Conference on Parallel Processing
, 2001
"... Wireless sensor networks have become possible because of the on-going improvements in sensor technology and VLSI. One issue in smart sensor networks is achieving efficient operation because of the limited available power. For important classes of sensor networks, such as biomedical sensors, the loca ..."
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Cited by 22 (2 self)
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Wireless sensor networks have become possible because of the on-going improvements in sensor technology and VLSI. One issue in smart sensor networks is achieving efficient operation because of the limited available power. For important classes of sensor networks, such as biomedical sensors, the locations of the sensing nodes are fixed and the placement can be pre-determined. In this paper, we consider the topology that best supports communication among these sensor nodes. We propose a power-aware routing protocol and simulate the performance, showing that our routing protocol adapts routes to the available power. This leads to a reduction in the total power used as well as more even power usage across nodes. We consider different routes and topologies, demonstrating the difference in performance and explaining the underlying causes.
Modeling Energy Consumption in Single-Hop IEEE 802.11 Ad Hoc Networks
- In Thirteenth International Conference on Computer Communications and Networks (ICCCN’04
, 2004
"... This paper presents an analytical model to predict energy consumption in saturated IEEE 802.11 single-hop ad hoc networks under ideal channel conditions. The model we introduce takes into account the different operational modes of the IEEE 802.11 DCF MAC, and is validated against packetlevel simulat ..."
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Cited by 20 (2 self)
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This paper presents an analytical model to predict energy consumption in saturated IEEE 802.11 single-hop ad hoc networks under ideal channel conditions. The model we introduce takes into account the different operational modes of the IEEE 802.11 DCF MAC, and is validated against packetlevel simulations. In contrast to previous works that attempted to characterize the energy consumption of IEEE 802.11 cards in isolated, contention-free channels (i.e., single sender/receiver pair), this paper investigates the extreme opposite case, i.e., when nodes need to contend for channel access under saturation conditions. In such scenarios, our main findings include: (1) contrary to what most previous results indicate, the radio's transmit mode has marginal impact on overall energy consumption, while other modes (receive, idle, etc.) are responsible for most of the energy consumed; (2) the energy cost to transmit useful data increases almost linearly with the network size; and (3) transmitting large payloads is more energy efficient under saturation conditions.
Improving energy saving in wireless systems by using dynamic power management
- IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications
, 2003
"... Abstract—In this paper, we develop a novel approach to conserving energy in battery-powered communication devices. There are two salient aspects to this approach. First, the battery-powered devices move through multiple, progressively deeper, sleep states in a predictable manner. Nodes in deeper sle ..."
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Cited by 18 (0 self)
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Abstract—In this paper, we develop a novel approach to conserving energy in battery-powered communication devices. There are two salient aspects to this approach. First, the battery-powered devices move through multiple, progressively deeper, sleep states in a predictable manner. Nodes in deeper sleep states consume lower energy while asleep, but incur a longer delay and higher energy cost to awaken. Second, the nodes are woken up on demand through a paging signal. To awaken nodes that are in deep sleep, the paging signal has to be decoded using very low power circuits such as those used in radio frequency tags. To accommodate this need, in a manner that scales well with the number of nodes, the number of distinct paging signals has to be much less than the number of possible nodes. This is accomplished through a group-based wakeup scheme, which initially awakens the targeted node along with a number of other similarly disposed nodes that subsequently return to their original sleep state. Tradeoffs among energy consumption, delay as well as overhead, are presented; comparisons with other protocols show the potential for 16 % to 50 % improvement in energy consumption. Index Terms—Dynamic power management, energy efficiency, wireless quality of service (QoS). I.
