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... to estimate the relative potential for shallow landsliding (Montgomery and Dietrich 1994). Habitat data for the stream reach and watershed included geology (Booth 1990a), wetland abundance and type (=-=Cowardian et al. 1979-=-), wetland modification (defined as hydrologically altered wetlands that had been ditched or separated from the stream channel by bank armoring or diking) (Cowardian et al. 1979), land cover classific...

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...ion for wetlands, which provides the motivation for performing structure-based alignment between ontologies. In defining wetlands, the United States adopts the Cowardin Wetland Classification System (=-=Cowardin et al., 1979-=-). In contrast, European nations use the International Ramsar Convention Definition (www.ramsar.org) and South Africa uses the National Wetland Classification Inventory (Dini et al., 1998). Because of...

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...xemplify this point, we give an example in the geospatial domain, in particular, we align two ontologies describing wetlands. The first ontology describes the “Cowardin” wetland classification system =-=[1]-=- which is adopted in the United States. The second ontology describes the South African wetland classification system [3]. Figure 2 shows part of the “Cowardin” classification on the left, which is th...

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...ntering and feeding areas in the open ocean (Reddin 1988). As with terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, several classification systems for marine areas have been developed (Ketchum 1972, Terrell 1979, =-=Cowardin et al. 1979-=-, Ray et al. 1981, Alidina and Roff 2003). The 2005 BRT reviewed each of these classification 37systems and did not find any one that was more informative than another for the present zoogeographic a...

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...onstructed and reference wetlands in Virginia. Table 1. Reference soil types, wetland types, water sources, water regimes, and locations of the three paired reference-constructed wetlands. Site Location Reference Soil Types Wetland Type Water Sources Water Regime Cub Creek Piedmont Udifluvents and Dystrudepts Forested Flooding and ground water Temporarily Flooded* Western Freeway Coastal Plain Humaquepts Forested Ground water and flooding Seasonally Saturated# Duntons Mill Coastal Plain Fluvaquents and Endoaquepts Scrub-shrub Ground water Saturated* Wetland type based on the classification of Cowardin et al. (1979). * Water regime based on the classification of Cowardin et al. (1979). # Water regime based on the classification of Golet et al. (1993). ter mechanical sieving. Percent silt and clay were determined by pipette (Gee and Bauder 1986). Organic carbon was determined by dry combustion (Rabenhorst 1988). Total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) was determined after digestion using the colorimetric method described by Mulvaney (1996). Soil pH was determined at a 1:1 soil-to-water ratio. Samples were analyzed for extractable bases and exchangeable acidity (Rhoades 1982, Thomas 1982). Cation exchange capacity (...

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...t in major floral and faunal contrasts. It should be noted that these systems are different than those defined by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service in the National Wetlands Inventory (NWI) (=-=Cowardin et al. 1979-=-) and the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Wetland Evaluation System (WES) (Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources 1993). Both classifications define three systems or site types, Lacustrine, Rive...

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...rhwebb@usgs.gov (R.H. Webb).high use by neotropical migratory animals, their high productivity and biodiversity, and their function in stabilizing riverine environments (Ohmart and Anderson, 1982). Riparian vegetation may occur in settings ranging from isolated springs, to swampy areas with poor drainage (locally known as cienegas; Hendrickson and Minckley, 1985), to drainages with shallow ground water but no yearround flow, and finally to perennial riversJournal of Hydrology 320 (2006) 302–323www.elsevier.com/locate/jhydrol R.H. Webb, S.A. Leake / Journal of Hydrology 320 (2006) 302–323 303(Cowardin et al., 1979; Brown, 1985). These habitats accommodate a wide variety of organisms, ranging from annual plants to algae and insects to native and non-native fish to migratory birds and resident animals. Native fish populations, in particular, are severely threatened by the combination of flow regulation and non-native predators (Minckley and Deacon, 1991). Similarly, changes in aquatic food bases, particularly downstream of dams, are dramatic and reflect complex changes in flow, sediment concentrations, and temperature (Blinn and Cole, 1991; Shannon and Benenati, 2002). In contrast, long-term change in wo...

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...ble project impacts on wetland functions? 6 Chapter 3 Regulatory, Administrative, and Technical Requirements 4 Wetland Classification There is a tremendous diversity of wetlands in the United States (=-=Cowardin et al. 1979-=-, Mitsch and Gosselink 1986) that results from the wide range of climatic, hydrologic, and geomorphic conditions that are conducive to their development. Wetlands, for example, can occur as a result o...

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...rous and deciduous species of true shrubs, young trees, and trees or shrubs that are small or stunted. The classification of wetlands was made according to the National Wetlands Inventory techniques (=-=Cowardin et al. 1979-=-) on aerial photography overlay (Roy et al. 1996). Most commonly identified wetland cover types (with representative plant species in parentheses) were emergent marsh (cattail, grasses, sedges), alder...