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Yes, But What’s the Mechanism? (Don’t Expect an Easy Answer)
"... Psychologists increasingly recommend experimental analysis of mediation. This is a step in the right direction because mediation analyses based on nonexperimental data are likely to be biased and because experiments, in principle, provide a sound basis for causal inference. But even experiments cann ..."
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Psychologists increasingly recommend experimental analysis of mediation. This is a step in the right direction because mediation analyses based on nonexperimental data are likely to be biased and because experiments, in principle, provide a sound basis for causal inference. But even experiments cannot overcome certain threats to inference that arise chiefly or exclusively in the context of mediation analysis—threats that have received little attention in psychology. The authors describe 3 of these threats and suggest ways to improve the exposition and design of mediation tests. Their conclusion is that inference about mediators is far more difficult than previous research suggests and is best tackled by an experimental research program that is specifically designed to address the challenges of mediation analysis.
A general multilevel SEM framework for assessing multilevel mediation
- Psychological Methods
, 2010
"... Several methods for testing mediation hypotheses with 2-level nested data have been proposed by researchers using a multilevel modeling (MLM) paradigm. However, these MLM approaches do not accommodate mediation pathways with Level-2 outcomes and may produce conflated estimates of between- and within ..."
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Cited by 45 (1 self)
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Several methods for testing mediation hypotheses with 2-level nested data have been proposed by researchers using a multilevel modeling (MLM) paradigm. However, these MLM approaches do not accommodate mediation pathways with Level-2 outcomes and may produce conflated estimates of between- and within-level components of indirect effects. Moreover, these methods have each appeared in isolation, so a unified framework that integrates the existing methods, as well as new multilevel mediation models, is lacking. Here we show that a multilevel structural equation modeling (MSEM) paradigm can overcome these 2 limitations of mediation analysis with MLM. We present an integrative 2-level MSEM mathematical framework that subsumes new and existing multilevel mediation ap-proaches as special cases. We use several applied examples and accompanying software code to illustrate the flexibility of this framework and to show that different substantive conclusions can be drawn using MSEM versus MLM.
Current directions in mediation analysis
- Current Directions in Psychological Science
, 2009
"... ABSTRACT—Mediating variables continue to play an im-portant role in psychological theory and research. A me-diating variable transmits the effect of an antecedent variable on to a dependent variable, thereby providing more detailed understanding of relations among variables. Methods to assess mediat ..."
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Cited by 34 (0 self)
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ABSTRACT—Mediating variables continue to play an im-portant role in psychological theory and research. A me-diating variable transmits the effect of an antecedent variable on to a dependent variable, thereby providing more detailed understanding of relations among variables. Methods to assess mediation have been an active area of research for the last two decades. This paper describes the current state of methods to investigate mediating variables. KEYWORDS—mediation, indirect effect, statistical methods Mediating variables have been ubiquitous throughout the history of psychology because they are used to explain how or why two variables are related. One of the oldest models in psychology, the Stimulus! Organism! Responsemodel, specifies mediating processes in an organism that transmit a stimulus to a response.
A general model for testing mediation and moderation effects
- Prevention Science
, 2009
"... Abstract This paper describes methods for testing media-tion and moderation effects in a dataset, both together and separately. Investigations of this kind are especially valuable in prevention research to obtain information on the process by which a program achieves its effects and whether the prog ..."
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Cited by 27 (2 self)
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Abstract This paper describes methods for testing media-tion and moderation effects in a dataset, both together and separately. Investigations of this kind are especially valuable in prevention research to obtain information on the process by which a program achieves its effects and whether the program is effective for subgroups of individ-uals. A general model that simultaneously estimates mediation and moderation effects is presented, and the utility of combining the effects into a single model is described. Possible effects of interest in the model are explained, as are statistical methods to assess these effects. The methods are further illustrated in a hypothetical prevention program example.
The multilevel latent covariate model: A new, more reliable approach to group-level effects in contextual studies
- Psychological Methods
, 2008
"... Draft 8/21/07. This paper has not been peer reviewed. Please do not copy or cite without author’s permission ..."
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Cited by 22 (5 self)
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Draft 8/21/07. This paper has not been peer reviewed. Please do not copy or cite without author’s permission
CSRP’s impact on low-income preschoolers’ pre-academic skills: Self-regulation as a mediating mechanism
- Child Development
, 2011
"... Based on theoretically driven models, the Chicago School Readiness Project (CSRP) targeted low-income chil-dren’s school readiness through the mediating mechanism of self-regulation. The CSRP is a multicomponent, cluster-randomized efficacy trial implemented in 35 Head Start–funded classrooms (N = 6 ..."
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Based on theoretically driven models, the Chicago School Readiness Project (CSRP) targeted low-income chil-dren’s school readiness through the mediating mechanism of self-regulation. The CSRP is a multicomponent, cluster-randomized efficacy trial implemented in 35 Head Start–funded classrooms (N = 602 children). The analyses confirm that the CSRP improved low-income children’s self-regulation skills (as indexed by atten-tion ⁄ impulse control and executive function) from fall to spring of the Head Start year. Analyses also suggest significant benefits of CSRP for children’s preacademic skills, as measured by vocabulary, letter-naming, and math skills. Partial support was found for improvement in children’s self-regulation as a hypothesized media-tor for children’s gains in academic readiness. Implications for programs and policies that support young children’s behavioral health and academic success are discussed. Over the past 5 years, rates of poverty in the United States have risen, with 18 % of our nation’s children currently living in families earning less than $22,000 a year (Douglas-Hall & Chau, 2008). Two decades of developmental and clinical research suggest that poverty poses significant threats to young children’s emotional and behav-ioral development, as well as for their chances of school success (see Aber, Jones, & Cohen, 2000; Costello, Keeler, & Angold, 2001; Morales & Guer-ra, 2006). For example, while many low-income children maintain resilient profiles of school readi-ness with teachers and peers, others do not appear to fare as well. Past research suggests that young children who persistently exhibit dysregulated and disruptive behavior in the classroom have been less engaged and less positive about their role as learn-ers, and have fewer opportunities for learning from peers and teachers (Arnold et al., 2006; Raver, Garner, & Smith-Donald, 2007). These and other correlational findings provided compelling ratio-
Testing multilevel mediation using hierarchical linear models: Problems and solutions
- Organizational Research Methods
, 2009
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Regulating positive and negative emotions in daily life
- Journal of Personality
, 2008
"... ABSTRACT The present study examined how people regulate their emotions in daily life and how such regulation is related to their daily affective experience and psychological adjustment. Each day for an average of 3 weeks, participants described how they had regulated their emotions in terms of the r ..."
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Cited by 18 (0 self)
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ABSTRACT The present study examined how people regulate their emotions in daily life and how such regulation is related to their daily affective experience and psychological adjustment. Each day for an average of 3 weeks, participants described how they had regulated their emotions in terms of the reappraisal and suppression (inhibiting the expression) of positive and negative emotions, and they described their emotional experience, self-esteem, and psychological adjustment in terms of Beck’s triadic model of depression. Reappraisal was used more often than suppression, and suppressing positive emotions was used less than the other three strategies. In general, regulation through reappraisal was found to be beneficial, whereas regulation by suppression was not. Reappraisal of positive emotions was associated with increases in positive affect, self-esteem, and psychological adjustment, whereas suppressing positive emotions was associated with decreased positive emotion, selfesteem, and psychological adjustment, and increased negative emotions. Moreover, relationships between reappraisal and psychological adjustment and self-esteem were mediated by experienced positive affect, whereas relationships between suppression of positive emotions and self-esteem adjustment were mediated by negative affect. Emotions are central components of people’s lives, both interpersonally and intrapersonally, and emotional experiences can have powerful impacts on people’s functioning, both positive and negative.
The etiology of the multilevel paradigm in management research
- Journal of Management
, 2011
"... As initially spawned through the meso movement in organizational behavior, the multilevel para-digm has permeated virtually every subdiscipline of management. The authors review its evolution from different disciplinary origins in terms of theory, measurement and construct validity, and design and a ..."
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Cited by 15 (3 self)
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As initially spawned through the meso movement in organizational behavior, the multilevel para-digm has permeated virtually every subdiscipline of management. The authors review its evolution from different disciplinary origins in terms of theory, measurement and construct validity, and design and analysis. They illustrate that although its origins are disparate and multidisciplinary, the modern-day multilevel paradigm is coherent and well entrenched in modern management research. They then raise five challenges to the current paradigm in terms of the following: first, the ambiguities surrounding the units of inquiry; second, the violations of the nesting assumption; third, the need to integrate the nested-arrangements approach with the longitudinal approach; fourth, the challenges associated with modeling current and future multilevel models; and, fifth, the role of multidisciplinary influences for multilevel management theory and investigations. Their hope is that this article will spark a paradigm shift in multilevel management research.
