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Results 1 - 10
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3,933
Practical Byzantine fault tolerance
, 1999
"... This paper describes a new replication algorithm that is able to tolerate Byzantine faults. We believe that Byzantinefault-tolerant algorithms will be increasingly important in the future because malicious attacks and software errors are increasingly common and can cause faulty nodes to exhibit arbi ..."
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Cited by 673 (15 self)
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This paper describes a new replication algorithm that is able to tolerate Byzantine faults. We believe that Byzantinefault-tolerant algorithms will be increasingly important in the future because malicious attacks and software errors are increasingly common and can cause faulty nodes to exhibit
Learning to predict by the methods of temporal differences
- MACHINE LEARNING
, 1988
"... This article introduces a class of incremental learning procedures specialized for prediction – that is, for using past experience with an incompletely known system to predict its future behavior. Whereas conventional prediction-learning methods assign credit by means of the difference between predi ..."
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Cited by 1521 (56 self)
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This article introduces a class of incremental learning procedures specialized for prediction – that is, for using past experience with an incompletely known system to predict its future behavior. Whereas conventional prediction-learning methods assign credit by means of the difference between
Illusion and well-being: A social psychological perspective on mental health.
- Psychological Bulletin,
, 1988
"... Many prominent theorists have argued that accurate perceptions of the self, the world, and the future are essential for mental health. Yet considerable research evidence suggests that overly positive selfevaluations, exaggerated perceptions of control or mastery, and unrealistic optimism are charac ..."
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Cited by 988 (20 self)
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Many prominent theorists have argued that accurate perceptions of the self, the world, and the future are essential for mental health. Yet considerable research evidence suggests that overly positive selfevaluations, exaggerated perceptions of control or mastery, and unrealistic optimism
The neural basis of human error processing: Reinforcement learning, dopamine, and the error-related negativity
- PSYCHOLOGICAL REVIEW 109:679–709
, 2002
"... The authors present a unified account of 2 neural systems concerned with the development and expression of adaptive behaviors: a mesencephalic dopamine system for reinforcement learning and a “generic ” error-processing system associated with the anterior cingulate cortex. The existence of the error ..."
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Cited by 430 (20 self)
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beings learn from the consequences of their actions. Thorndike (1911/1970) originally described this phenomenon with his law of effect, which made explicit the commonsense notion that actions that are followed by feelings of satisfaction are more likely to be generated again in the future, whereas
Beyond valence: Toward a model of emotion-specific influences on judgement and choice
- Cognition and Emotion
, 2000
"... Most theories of affective in ¯ uences on judgement and choice take a valencebased approach, contrasting the effects of positive versus negative feeling states. These approaches have not speci ® ed if and when distinct emotions of the same valence have different effects on judgement. In this article ..."
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Cited by 282 (20 self)
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-tendency approaches against one another, we present a study that addresses whether two emotions of the same valence but differing appraisalsÐ anger and fearÐ relate in different ways to risk perception. Consistent with the appraisaltendency hypothesis, fearful people made pessimistic judgements of future events
The role of feasibility and desirability considerations in near and distant future decisions: A test of temporal construal theory
- In
, 1998
"... Temporal construal theory states that distant future situations are construed on a higher level (i.e., using more abstract and central features) than near future situations. Accordingly, the theory suggests that the value associated with the high-level construal is enhanced over delay and that the v ..."
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Cited by 222 (35 self)
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and that the value associated with the low-level construal is discounted over delay. In goal-directed activities, desirability of the activity's end state represents a high-level construal, whereas the feasibility of attaining this end state represents a low-level construal. Study 1 found that distant future
Global and regional climate changes due to black carbon,
- Nat. Geosci.,
, 2008
"... Figure 1: Global distribution of BC sources and radiative forcing. a, BC emission strength in tons per year from a study by Bond et al. Full size image (42 KB) Review Nature Geoscience 1, 221 -227 (2008 Black carbon in soot is the dominant absorber of visible solar radiation in the atmosphere. Ant ..."
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Cited by 228 (5 self)
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solar radiation in the extra tropics was lower by as much as 5% to 10% during the mid-twentieth century 53, 54 , whereas in the tropics such dimming trends have been reported to extend into the twenty-first century. But many of these radiometers are close to urban areas and it is unclear
Methods for detecting associations with rare variants for common diseases: Application to analysis of sequence data.
- Am J Hum Genet
, 2008
"... Although whole-genome association studies using tagSNPs are a powerful approach for detecting common variants, they are underpowered for detecting associations with rare variants. Recent studies have demonstrated that common diseases can be due to functional variants with a wide spectrum of allele ..."
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Cited by 201 (7 self)
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frequencies, ranging from rare to common. An effective way to identify rare variants is through direct sequencing. The development of cost-effective sequencing technologies enables association studies to use sequence data from candidate genes and, in the future, from the entire genome. Although methods used
Self-determination and persistence in a real-life setting: Toward a motivational model of high school dropout.
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,
, 1997
"... The purpose of this study was to propose and test a motivational model of high school dropout. The model posits that teachers, parents, and the school administration's behaviors toward students influence students' perceptions of competence and autonomy. The less autonomy supportive the so ..."
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Cited by 183 (19 self)
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, especially as pertains to their antecedents and consequences. Finally, such a model, if proven valid, should provide a better understanding of the process involved in dropping out of high school, thereby leading to potential insights concerning future interventions with this population. Below, we present
The shifting basis of life satisfaction judgments across cultures: Emotions versus norms
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
, 1998
"... The relative importance of emotions versus normative beliefs for life satisfaction judgments was compared among individualist and collectivist nations in 2 large sets of international data (in total, 61 nations, N = 62,446). Among nations, emotions and life satisfaction correlated significantly more ..."
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Cited by 164 (18 self)
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more strongly in more individualistic nations (r =.52 in Study 1; r =.48 in Study 2). At the individual level, emotions were far superior predictors of life satisfaction to norms (social approval of life satisfaction) in individualist cultures, whereas norms and emotions were equally strong predictors
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