"... In PAGE 14: ... For the fertility rate, we have used the data described in Figure 1, assuming that women are fertile between ages 15 and 45 with a peak between 25 and 30 years old. 6 The fertility rates in the initial (SS1) and nal (SS2) steady state for the two regions are given in Table1 below. Table 1: Fertility rates... In PAGE 14: ...5 42 6 Wehave also attempted to model the observed shift of child bearing towards later stages in life. As clear from Table1 , wehave increased, in the second steady-state, the fertility rates for women older than 35.... ..."

"... In PAGE 27: ... If we had reliable data on school attendance or more fine-grained measures of educational attainment we would explore these issues more, but such data are not available at the required level of disaggregation.23 Results: legitimate fertility in rural areas Table3 presents our estimates for rural fertility, and Table 4 the estimates for urban fertility. We do not report the coefficients for the 137 rural and 37 urban fixed effects.... ..."

"... In PAGE 27: ... If we had reliable data on school attendance or more fine-grained measures of educational attainment we would explore these issues more, but such data are not available at the required level of disaggregation.23 Results: legitimate fertility in rural areas Table 3 presents our estimates for rural fertility, and Table4 the estimates for urban fertility. We do not report the coefficients for the 137 rural and 37 urban fixed effects.... ..."

"... In PAGE 3: ... Agricultural fields are fertilized at 30th May and second time at 28th June. Maximum fertilization levels either for mineral or organic fertilizers ( Table1 .) are based on the recom- mended fertilization according to the Agri- Environmental Support Scheme (basic measures) ... ..."

"... In PAGE 12: ... It was assumed that the producer would keep the existing tractor for use in the no-till system. Costs and returns resulting from this switch to reduced tillage or no-till are summarized in Table2 . As was the case with the beginning farmer, the no-till system proved to be the most profitable with a net return per acre of $28.... In PAGE 12: ... Net Cash Flow Based on the results of this tillage analysis, we would have to conclude that many farmers in Kentucky are not using the most profitable tillage system available. Perhaps they simply Table2 . Crop production budgets after change to reduce/no-till production systems.... In PAGE 16: ...fields. More significant, however, was our discovery (Minser and Dimmick 1988)that conventionallytilled fields associated with good surrounding habitat yielded bobwhite densities equivalent to no-till fields when fall plowing was not prac ticed ( Table2 ). Lowest densities occurred on conventionally managed farmland where crop lands were turned in autumn.... In PAGE 16: ... 1983). Table2 . Bobwhite quail population densities*on no-till and con ventionally planted areas on Ames Plantation, TN, December 1983-85 (Minser and Dimmick 1988).... In PAGE 19: ...Table2 . Growing season rainfall at Muscle Shoals, AL.... In PAGE 21: ... Table 1 depicts the required tillage distribution of land in Classes IIe, IIIe, and IVe. Estimated Tillage Change To determine possible changes in tillage brought about by the FSA, we compared our estimated tillage requirements to current tillage use (as reported by the 1986 Conservation Tillage Information Center Tillage Survey ( Table2 ). Actual Table 1.... In PAGE 22: ...reduced tillage. Table2 shows the average tillage change calculated for selected geographical extension areas across the state and also shows counties with extremes in each area. Figure 1 shows the location of the areas within the state.... In PAGE 22: ...e.underestimated. The Adjusted Estimate (B) appears to bet ter reflect the situation in central and eastern Kentucky. For Table2 . Estimated impact of the 1985 Food SecurityAct on tillage use for cultivatedcropland in selected areasand countiesin Kentucky.... In PAGE 25: ... Under both irrigated and dryland conditions at Lub bock, the fallow-cotton rotation produced the lowest yields of the conservation tillage systems compared. At the sandyland site near Wellman, overall dryland cot- ton yields were higher than at Lubbock ( Table2 ). The ter minated wheat-cotton and sorghum-cottonconservation tillage rotations produced significantly higher yields than the con ventional cotton production system.... In PAGE 25: ... In continuous cotton, highest cotton yields resulted with the minimum tillage system. In comparing the highest yielding conservation tillage system (sorghum-cotton) to conventional tillage cotton, Table2 . Cotton yield and value, production costs, and relative profitability for cropping systems at Wellman.... In PAGE 38: ...Table2 . Effect of crop and tillage on organic carbon percent- age in November, 1987.... In PAGE 38: ... Cone index averaged over all positions tended to be lower in grain sorghum compared to soybean. Organic carbon levels were slightly higher in grain sorghum compared to soybean under CT ( Table2 ) and this was probably due to the higher levels of residue which were being incorporated into the soil. Discussion The compacted layer at 6 to 12 inches in this study is a common feature of soils of the Southern Piedmont.... In PAGE 40: ...Table2 . Shoot weight, nitrogen uptake and average cone index 2 months after planting and wheat yield.... In PAGE 40: ... The paraplow greatly reduced soil compaction, especially in the E horizon or hardpan area. Results of the analysis of variance on cone index values averaged over depths of 8 to 11inches showed a significant difference between paraplow and disk plots ( Table2 ). Also, there was a significant difference be- tween chiseled plots planted with the Clemson interseeder and grain drill.... In PAGE 41: ... The amount of roots in the B horizon depends on the hardness of this compacted layer. Deep tillage increased nitrogen uptake by the wheat plant ( Table2 ). This resulted in a forage with higher protein con- tent for winter grazing.... In PAGE 44: ... At the Wiregrass Substation, corn grain yields in 1985 (Table 5) were not greatly affected by cropping systems when N was at optimum levels (180, 180, 180, and 120 lb/acre for the cropping systems, respectively). It appears that the soybean-reseeded clover system, but not the clover only or Table2 . Clover weight and Ncontent as affected by previous crop at Wiregrass Substation.... In PAGE 47: ...223 1987 Conventional + subsoiling 31 628 2,610 4,266 16,196 No-till + subsoiling 29 575 2,507 4,828 14,761 No-till 20 367 1,394 3,435 16,608 LSD (0.10) 7 92 356 578 2,090 Table2 . Corn dry matter accumulation during the 1987 grow ing season as affected by hybrid selection.... In PAGE 47: ... In 1987, when soil moisture was limited, the selection of hybrid was important. Sunbelt 1827, a cultivar with small diameter, vertically oriented roots, consistently had the greatest production of dry matter regardless of tillage treat ment ( Table2 ). In this year, dry matter production was also a good indicator of grain yields produced by the three hybrids.... In PAGE 50: ... The experimental design was a randomized complete block with four replications. Results and Discussion Irrigated corn did not respond to tillage methods in 1986 ( Table2 ). Subsoiling in-row and middle was superior to sub- soiling in-row only for unirrigated corn with conventional tillage.... In PAGE 50: ... Sub- soiling in the middle between rows obviously increases water movement into the soil from rainfall. Mulch from crop residue increases water infiltration into the soil and reduces evapora tion from the soil surface in conservation tillage systems in Table2 . Influence of tillage and irrigation on grain yield of eorn in 1986.... In PAGE 56: ...grains as with summer crops. Gmin Sorghum Yields Grain sorghum yields ( Table2 ) varied among years and were relatively low. The yields obtained, however, were ac tually higher than average yields of doublecropped sorghum in south Alabama.... In PAGE 56: ... Averaged over the 3 years, between-row subsoiling compared favorably to traditional in- row subsoiling (55 vs 58 bu/acre) at this site. When compar ing between-row subsoiling alone with no subsoiling, the Table2 . Grain sorghum yields as affected by in-row subsoiling at planting and between-row subsoiling 4 weeks after planting.... In PAGE 59: ... Effective control of rhizome johnsongrass was achieved with one-year rotations with soybeans. Grain sorghum yields were not increased by rotating it with more than one consecutive year of soybeans ( Table2 ). Since johnsongrass culm counts were made at harvest, they represent both seedling and rhizome plants.... In PAGE 59: ... Soybeans in rotation with grain sorghum, however, did not produce significantly higher yields than continuous soybeans (Table 3). Table2 . Annual yield for grain sorghum and number of johnsongrass culms per 15 feet of row grown in a rotational system with soybeans.... In PAGE 61: ... The conventional tillage and Paraplow plots were smoothed with a do-all (an implement equipped with a rolling cutter bar and section harrow) prior to planting soy- beans. Soybean planting dates ( Table2 , 3, and 4) for 1985-87 ranged from May 31 to June 5 at both Northeast and Pontotoc ... In PAGE 62: ... Stand density ranged from about 40,000 plants/acre in 1987 to 78,500 in 1986. Stand densities in the Ro-till treatments were generally lower than in the Paraplow, no-till, and conventional tillage treatments in 1985 and 1987 but not in 1986 ( Table2 ). The seedbed prepared by the Ro till at planting was cloddy and rough on the surface.... In PAGE 62: ... Depth of tillage for both the Paraplow and Ro-till treatments, and fertilizer placement in the Ro-till treatment had no significant effect on yield. Stand densities in 1986 ( Table2 ) were higher than those in 1985 in all tillage treatments. Plant height at maturity was less and soybean yields averaged about 10 bu/acre less than in 1985.... In PAGE 63: ...tillage systems; in 1985 all paraplow treatments had significantly lower plant densities than both Ro-till 11 to 12-inchdepth treatments (Table 3). The Paraplow 4 to 6-inch depth had the lowest plant density and was significantly lower than both Ro-till ll to 12 ,and 14 to 15-inch depths fertilizer surface-incorporated; in 1987, however, the Table2 . Effect of reduced tillage systems and fertilizer placement on soybean plant population, height at maturity and yield on a Catalpa silty clay soil in 1985-87 at the Northeast Experiment Station.... In PAGE 69: ...680 2,450 *Corn-wheat for grain-soybeans. Table2 . Influence of conservation tillage systems on average sovbean yields for Essex and Forrest.... In PAGE 69: ... Soybean cyst nematode count/100 cc soil Sampled in July (60 days after planting) Tillage 1984 1985 1986 1987 systems Essex Essex Forrest Essex Forrest Essex Forrest Conventional Strip tillage No-tillage Conventional Strip tillage No-tillage Corn-Soybean 712 260 161 134 19 632 612 36 538 48 362 12 216 149 399 171 13 Continuous Soybeans 586 303 126 91 21 779 627 133 238 23 510 52 797 426 310 264 128 yields for the 3 years were obtained when a SCN-resistant soybean cultivar was rotated with corn and full-season soy- beans were grown (Figure 2). The drop in yields of Essex soybean between the first 4 years and last 3 years ( Table2 ) was influenced by tillage systems. The loss was smaller for no-tillage (8%)than con ventional (19%) or strip-tillage (22%).... In PAGE 70: ... Results Soybean Yield From 1980 through 1983, tillage system caused no signifi cant differences in soybean yield (data not presented). Similarly, during 1984 and 1985, neither tillage system nor lime application altered soybean yield and all treatments averaged between 35 and 41 bu/acre ( Table2 ). During 1986 and 1987, however, lime significantly increased soybean yield.... In PAGE 71: ... Although lime increased seeds per plant and weight per seed of all treatments, limed plots of the disked and subsoil plus disk treatments had fewer plants per foot of row, and plants were shorter throughout the growing season. Such symptoms were not observed in any tillage-lime treatment in 1987, and lime significantly increased average soybean yield over all tillage treatments ( Table2 ). Yield increases in 1987 associated with lime resulted from an increase in stand density of no-till soy- beans while increases, in both seed weight and number, were responsible for higher yields in other tillage systems.... In PAGE 71: ... Soybean Leaflet Analysis Leaflet analyses (Table 4) did not reveal any nutrient defi ciencies that could explain the stunting of disk only and sub- soil plus disk soybean plants in 1986. DRIS indices indicated Table2 . Yield of Centennial soybean doublecroppedafter wheat as influencedby tillage system and lime application, Baton Rouge, LA.... In PAGE 74: ... No significant interactions were noted involv ing tillage and burning or tillage and irrigation. Irrigation increased yields significantly 4 out of 5 years ( Table2 ). In 1985, a numerical increase of 4 bushels per acre Table 1.... In PAGE 75: ...cre in 1983 to 7.7 bushels per acre in 1985. In addition, significant irrigation x burning interactions were noted in 1982 and 1985. Under irrigated conditions in Table2 . Effectsof burning wheat residue and irrigationon yield of doublecropCentennialsoyeansaveragedover tilled and non tilled conditions: 1982-1986.... In PAGE 78: ...age rate was $4.50/hour. Interest on operating capital was computed at 10 percent annual percentage rate. Results and Discussion Fixed Costs Fixed costs for these systems ranged from about $19 to $25/acre ( Table2 ). Due to fewer implements needed, the no- till production system fixed costs at all locations were about $4 to $7/acre less than chisel + disk, Paraplow, and Ro-till.... In PAGE 82: ... The dif ference continued to increase the third year on the Dothan, Malbis, and Bama soils, which indicates that the adverse ef fect of continuous no-tillage on wheat-grain yield can increase with time on some soils. Table2 . Yield of no-till soybeans (3-year average) asaffected by in-row subsoilingat planting and tillage prior to planting wheat.... In PAGE 85: ... Soybean herbicides applied were , 2,4-DB, and The combina tion of herbicides used varied each year depending on the weed problem. was used each year for ryegrass con- Table2 . Weed control management systems used for develop ing economic analysis hndget of four cropping systems, 1984-1986, MAFES Northeast Branch.... In PAGE 85: ... The total expenses did not include a charge for land, management, and general farm overhead. For practical economic comparisons, the weed control systems for soybeans relay planted in wheat and monocrop soybeans were modified as indicated in Table2 . The assump tion in the analysis for a practical farm situation was that the modified weed control systems provided the same level of weed control and the cropping systems would produce the same yield as those in the research plots.... In PAGE 92: ... Water was not limiting at either location in either year, since irrigation was used when needed. Tobacco grown with a crimson clover and hairy vetch cover crop did yield significantly higher than tobacco grown with a rye cover crop ( Table2 ). Conventional tobacco (cultivated) averaged the highest yield over 2 years, but yield was lower than the Clayton location.... In PAGE 93: ...Table2 ). There were no significant differences in grade index in 1986 or 1987.... In PAGE 93: ... The legume mulch is responsible for elevated N levels and, therefore, would affect this ratio. Reducing sugar to total alkaloid ratio Table2 . No-tillage flue-cured tobacco yield, grade index and leaf chemistry as affected by cover crop at Rocky Mount, NC, 1986 and 1987.... ..."

"... In PAGE 3: ...able 8:-Determinants of decision to use fertilizer in Benin ....................................53 Table9 -Determinants of quantity of fertilizer used in Benin.... In PAGE 35: ... Determinants of the quantity of fertilizer used in Benin We now turn our attention to the determinants of the quantity of fertilizer used, conditional on fertilizer use. As shown in Table9 , fewer variables have a statistically significant relationship with the amount of fertilizer used compared to whether or not fertilizer is used. None of the labor, human capital, and market price variables are statistically significant at the 5 percent level.... ..."

"... In PAGE 3: ...able 11-Determinants of the decision to use fertilizer in Malawi ..........................56 Table12 -Determinants of quantity of fertilizer used in Malawi .... In PAGE 41: ... 36 purchase fertilizer. Determinants of the quantity of fertilizer used in Malawi In Table12 , the factors that influence the quantity of fertilizer used per plot are estimated. Most of the variables that are significant determinants of the likelihood of using fertilizer also influence the quantity of fertilizer used.... In PAGE 42: ... 37 Table12 ). This is a common finding in many agricultural systems.... In PAGE 42: ... The regional dummies show almost the same trend as for the probability of using fertilizer: fertilizer application rates are lower in the South compared to the North and Central regions. The price variables in Table12 again show that the price of fertilizer, the wage rate, and the price of tobacco are not significant, while the maize price is positive and significant. The interpretation of these results follows the same logic discussed earlier.... In PAGE 43: ... The Lomwe and Yawo use larger quantities of fertilizer per plot than other groups. Not surprisingly, per capita consumption expenditures not only has a positive impact on the probability of fertilizer use but also on fertilizer quantity application (see Table12 ). The other resource variables are all insignificant expect for the number of pigs owned, which as we mentioned earlier, is a ... ..."