"... In PAGE 35: ... The social costs are the entire costs to the state population from low education. The economic value of this social cost is given in Table15 (page 50). Clearly, this social cost includes the costs to the taxpayer, but there are two other significant burdens.... In PAGE 35: ... This loss in gross income is reported in Table 6 (page 45) and so we subtract tax payments to get the loss in net income from inadequate education. This amount is reported in column 2 of Table15 (page 50). In addition, there are social costs due to the crime committed ... In PAGE 36: ... Notably, most victims of crime are the same race as the perpetrators, so reporting these social costs by race has a broader implication for social justice. The final column of Table15 (page 50) shows the social costs of inadequate education. The social cost of failing to ensure high school graduation is $508,910 for males and $357,380 for females.... ..."

"... In PAGE 48: ... Re-estimating equation (1) with this ownership score as dependent variable provides an assessment whether social capital has contributed to asset accumulation and long-term increases in household welfare. The results (column 1, Table28 ) indicate a strong correlation between membership in local organizations and ownership of durable goods. Active membership in an agrarian syndicate is associated with an increase in the ownership score of 0.... In PAGE 48: ... While the LLI questionnaire did not record the amount of savings, it did ask whether households had been able to increase savings in the past year. Households with more memberships in local associations were significantly more able to do so than others (column 2, Table28 ). Membership in an agrarian syndicate was associated with a 4.... ..."

"... In PAGE 40: ... Since the data do not contain price information, this score was calculated using weights derived from a principal component analysis of the 15 durable goods (Filmer and Pritchett, 1998).25 The results indicate that the number of memberships is not significant, but that belonging to internally heterogeneous associations and participating actively in them is linked with higher asset ownership (Column 1, Table10 ). These are, of course, the same two characteristics of associations which we found important earlier as correlates for current expenditure.... In PAGE 41: ... While the LLI questionnaire did not record the amount of savings, it did ask whether households had been able to increase savings in the past year. Households with more memberships in local associations were significantly more able to do so than others (Column 2, Table10 ). The effect was especially strong from memberships in credit and savings associations indicating that such organizations do in fact achieve their professed... ..."

"... In PAGE 42: ... 6.2 Access to Credit Table11 confirms the importance of financial associations for access to credit: members were 13 percentage points more likely to obtain credit than non-members and the obtained credit amounts were much larger. However, Table 11 also makes it clear that membership and active participation in other local associations, whose prime objective is not financial, also contributes to access to credit.... In PAGE 42: ...2 Access to Credit Table 11 confirms the importance of financial associations for access to credit: members were 13 percentage points more likely to obtain credit than non-members and the obtained credit amounts were much larger. However, Table11 also makes it clear that membership and active participation in other local associations, whose prime objective is not financial, also contributes to access to credit. This is perhaps the sense in which social capital is truly social, in that the building of networks and trust among members in the context of a social setting spills over into financial benefits, e.... In PAGE 43: ... For example, the Grameen Bank also insists that its borrowing circles consists only of women (Yunus, 1997). However, when we re-estimate the models in Table11 by adding an index capturing heterogeneity within credit and saving associations, the coefficient of the latter is positive and significant. This means that both the probability to obtain credit and the loan amounts received are higher for members of differentiated credit and savings associations than for members of homogeneous ones.... ..."

"... In PAGE 52: ...10 15.11 $2,939 $3,963,670 Table9 - Hypothesized Worst Case Savings by Incident Type for Side Collision Warning Systems For PAT Our assessment of effectiveness is very conservative but recognizes that we found approximately 25% of pedestrian incidents were not preventable and approximately 50% may not be preventable. Combined with a system effectiveness of 95% we have assumed ... ..."

"... In PAGE 6: ...able 2. Distribution of total expenditures value by decile at the national level................................ 11 Table3 . Evolution of public spending on social sectors, 1991-2002 (values in YR billion and share in %).... In PAGE 6: ...able 2A. Macroeconomics indicators ............................................................................................... 51 Table3 A.... In PAGE 23: ... Real expenditures in social sectors per capita increased by 13 percent per year during 1996- 2001, compared with 6 percent per year for total expenditures. Table3 presents the trend in public ... In PAGE 32: ... The model takes into account three types of capital: physical capital, land, and oil rent. Appendix Table3 A shows the macro SAM for Yemen for the year 1998, which is a tabular presentation of the National Accounts. Each entry presents a payment by a column account to a row account, and the corresponding row and column sums must be equal.... In PAGE 60: ... 52 Table3 A. Yemeni macro social accounting matrix, 1998 (YR million) Activities Commodities Factors Households Government Indirect Taxes Taxes on incomes and profits Savings- Investment Tariffs Rest of World Total Activities 1247249.... ..."

"... In PAGE 22: ... An impressionistic way to think of this is that once the social security system is changed from the status quo, prices and aggregate capital immediately jump to their new steady state values. We report results from economies with social security debt adjustments in Table3 . The level of debt associated with the SQ, evaluated at SQ prices, is 2.... In PAGE 22: ...liminated, is 1.19, or roughly 70% of GNP. The welfare implications are quite di erent once we incorporate the debt adjustment. Table3 shows that an unborn agent would pay 3.74% of per-period consumption in order to move from the status quo to a debt-adjusted world with only private pensions.... In PAGE 24: ...from the SQ economy to some alternative, say the PP economy. First, represents the overall welfare loss (from Table3 ) which we are attempting to decompose. Each of the four economic factors we apos;ve highlighted play some role in generating this number.... In PAGE 25: ...which underly each of these results. Capital Taxation E ects The economies we use to isolate capital taxation e ects are essentially identical to those represented in Table3 , except that all government expenditure is nanced through labor income taxation: k = 0 rather than k = l as before. That is, we compute three new steady states, each corresponding to either the SQ, the PSA or the PP social security system, where k = 0 in all cases.... In PAGE 28: ...3 The Interaction of Annuities and Aggregate Savings The upshot of our welfare decomposition is that the lion apos;s share of the gains we attribute to social security reform are due to what we apos;ve labeled `general equilibrium e ects: apos; changes in equilibrium prices and aggregate quantities which result from changes in our model apos;s institutional structure. Table3 demonstrates this in a fairly obvious manner: aggregate capital in the reformed economies increases by 11% in the case of the PSA economy and by 34% in the case of the PP economy. A substantial portion of the associated welfare gain is therefore a simple result of being born into a richer economy.... In PAGE 38: ...727 -84.365 Economies are identical to those in Table3 , except that capital income taxation has been abolished: k = 0. Entries correspond to per capita values (except for the various `rates apos;) for economies featuring the status quo U.... ..."

"... In PAGE 28: ... We now demonstrate that a critical ingredient driving this increase in aggregate capital is the savings response of an individual, having lost access to the annuities which social security provides. In Table7 we report results from an experiment analogous to that in Table 4, but where perfect annuities have been added in the same manner as described above. Speci cally, the comparison in Table 7 is conducted across alternative steady states (with zero capital... In PAGE 28: ... In Table 7 we report results from an experiment analogous to that in Table 4, but where perfect annuities have been added in the same manner as described above. Speci cally, the comparison in Table7 is conducted across alternative steady states (with zero capital... In PAGE 29: ...should we see a smaller increase in aggregate capital relative to our previous experiments, we can attribute much of the aggregate wealth e ect in those experiments to the removal of annuities. Table7 shows that this is exactly the case. The increase in aggregate capital, vis-a-vis the SQ economy with perfect annuities, is 2.... In PAGE 29: ... The payroll tax rate must therefore be higher | 31.7% in Table7 versus 21.7% in Table 4 | which itself provides a further drag on disposable income and welfare.... ..."

"... In PAGE 25: ...ebate in the U.S., where social security reform is often seen as a remedy for what many feel is an undesirably low savings rate. In Table5 we isolate equilibrium e ects by holding prices and aggregate quantities xed across our experiments. The equilibrium e ects are then computed as the di erence between the xed-price results and our previous results (Table 4), where endogenous variables were allowed to change.... In PAGE 26: ... The atomistic agent, facing one of the alternative systems, is then forced to pay payroll taxes at a rate which imply an equivalent net tax burden. Table5 shows the results of these experiments. The rst column, labeled SQ, corre- sponds to an economy identical to that reported in Table 4.... In PAGE 27: ... The tax rate increases from 24.7% without annuities ( Table5 ) to 31.7% with annuities (Table 6).... In PAGE 40: ...522 -95.771 Economies are identical to those in Table5 , except that agents have access to perfect an- nuity markets. Entries correspond to confronting an agent with alternative social security systems, while holding prices xed at the level associated with the U.... ..."