reverse transcrip-tase inhibitor (NNRTI) use (OR 4.49 [95%CI 1.5-13.8]). Severe DILI was significantly more frequent among Hispanics compared to other groups (6 % vs. 0%; P .04). Of the 3 patients with severe DILI, 2 underwent liver imaging and had hepatic steatosis. Conclusions: Severe DILI within

Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a major cause of late-stage clinical drug attrition, market withdrawal, black-box warnings, and acute liver failure. Consequently, it has been an area of focus for toxicologists and clinicians for several decades. In spite of considerable efforts, limited

to advance the discussion related to alternative causes of hepatotoxicity resulting in idiosyncratic druginduced liver injury/herb-induced liver injury (DILI/HILI), the literature continues to recite the same cases, such as those presented here, to reiterate potentially biased positions and ignore current

a b s t r a c t Background: In clinical research, the definition of the upper limit of normal (ULN) is rarely detailed. For alanine transaminase (ALT), there are several definitions of ULN-ALT but no recognized global reference. Furthermore the inter-laboratory variability of results expressed

. Currently, DILI is a diagnosis of exclusion that physicians should suspect in patients with unexplained elevated liver enzymes. Therefore, new diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers are necessary to achieve an early and reliable diagnosis of DILI and thus improve the prognosis. Although several DILI

which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Drug induced liver injury (DILI) is an idiosyncratic adverse drug reaction leading to severe liver damage. Kupffer cells (KC) sense hepatic tissue stress/damage and therefore

DILI prediction system (DILIps). The DILIps yielded 60–70 % prediction accuracy for three independent validation sets. To enhance the confidence for identification of drugs that cause severe DILI in humans, the ‘‘Rule of Three’ ’ was developed in DILIps by using a consensus strategy based on 13 models

clinical indications for its use, with the major one at present being to elicit the characteristic ST segment drug-induced liver injury (DILI) related to its use. Some of these reports, however, were hampered by methodo-Mullish et al. BMC Gastroenterology 2014, 14:60

cases, a fraction of which require urgent liver transplantation because of the irreversible damage to the liver. Cases of severe DILI are defined as liver enzyme elevations five or more times the normal limit. Most drugs listed in the Physician’s Desk Reference and a number of over

Abstract: Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is major problem for both the drug industry and for clinicians. There are two basic categories of DILI: intrinsic and idiosyncratic. The former is the chief cause of acute liver failure in several developed countries, while the latter is the most common