, it incorporates mechanisms to defend against Byzantine-faulty clients, and it recovers replicas proactively. The recovery mechanism allows the algorithm to tolerate any number of faults over the lifetime of the system provided fewer than 1/3 of the replicas become faulty within a small window of vulnerability

public-key cryptography for authentication. The recovery mechanism allows us to tolerate any number of faults over the lifetime of the system provided fewer than 1/3 of the replicas become faulty within a window of vulnerability that is small under normal conditions. The window may increase under a

failures in low-quality communication links. The importance of such techniques is increasing as collaboration through wide-area and mobile networks becomes popular. Optimistic replication techniques are different from traditional “pessimistic” ones. Instead of synchronous replica coordination

and their implementations in the context of a Web services atomic transaction framework that significantly increase the probability of atomic commitment of distributed transactions even when the majority of coordinator replicas become faulty. The core mechanisms include a piggybacking mechanism, which limits the way a

in which the request must be processed. Instead, they optimistically adopt the order proposed by the primary and respond immediately to the client. Replicas can thus become temporarily inconsistent with one another, but clients detect inconsistencies, help correct replicas converge on a single total

publickey cryptography for authentication. The recovery mechanism allows us to tolerate any number of faults over the lifetime of the system provided fewer than 1 3 of the replicas become faulty within a window of vulnerability that is small under normal conditions. The window may increase under a denialof

Byzantine fault tolerant systems behave correctly when no more than f out of 3f + 1 replicas fail. When there are more than f failures, traditional BFT protocols make no guarantees whatsoever. Malicious replicas can make clients accept arbitrary results, and the system behavior is totally

Byzantine fault tolerant systems behave correctly when no more than f out of 3f +1replicas fail. When there are more than f failures, traditional BFT protocols make no guarantees whatsoever. Malicious replicas can make clients accept arbitrary results, and the system behavior is totally unspecified

is determined by the primary replica in the destination group. The Leader-Determined Membership Protocol provides reconfiguration and recovery when a replica becomes faulty and when a replica joins or leaves a group, where the membership of the group is determined by the primary replica. The Virtual

The false discovery procedure introduced by Benjamini and Hochberg in 1995 has become a mainstream method for large scale simultaneous inference in a variety of bioinformatics problems. The procedure controls the false discovery rate (FDR) at a specified level α assuming that the distribution