In this paper we ask the question, how can those charged with the governance of nonprofit organizations effectively manage a key dilemma posed by neoinstitutional theory – that attention to external stakeholders’, especially resource providers, conceptions of legitimate organizational action will detract from the organization’s efficiency (Meyer & Rowan, 1977). This dilemma is consistent with recent conceptions of nonprofit effectiveness as being socially negotiated (Herman & Renz 2000), and of accountability being broadened from fiscal to performance and discretionary issues (Behn, 2001; Kearns, 1996). These conceptions indicate that nonprofit organizations are experiencing increasing demands to negotiate their legitimacy by adhering to expected practices, while simultaneously improving their effectiveness and efficiency. Indeed, empirical research indicates that the dilemma is one with which many nonprofits in strongly institutionalized fields, such as social services, struggle (c.f., Alexander, 1999a, 1999b). A need to avoid tradeoffs in the face of this dilemma is beginning to elicit responses by nonprofit boards and CEOs that are revealing an expanded and integrated sense of organizational legitimacy and ways to achieve it.

As private enterprises that often have “public-serving ” missions, public charities must balance the conflicting demands of multiple stakeholders, especially the clients they serve and those that provide the resources to enable the organization’s existence. The potential is great for those governing nonprofits to feel role conflicts and competing demands of both satisfying funding agencies and meeting client needs. What stakeholder interests do nonprofit organizations see themselves as representing? What role does board composition play in determining nonprofits ’ stakeholder orientation? We explore these questions by examining determinants of stakeholder orientation among those who govern nonprofits. We posit that the racial “representation mismatch ” is a key variable influencing stakeholder orientation. The representation mismatch is measured as the difference in proportion between the non-white representation on the agency’s board of directors and the agency’s non-white clientele.

License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. A 22-year-old male admitted with multiple gunshot wounds (GSW) had central line placed initially for hemodynamic monitoring and later for long term antibiotics and total parenteral nutrition (TPN). On postoperative day 4 he presented with bouts of nonsustained ventricular tachycardia; the cause was unknown initially and later attributed to a catheter fragment accidentally severed and lodged in the right heart. Percutaneous retrieval technique was used to successfully extract the catheter fragment and complete recovery was achieved. 1.

We address the problem of finding a subset of features that allows a supervised induction algorithm to induce small high-accuracy concepts. We examine notions of relevance and irrelevance, and show that the definitions used in the machine learning literature do not adequately partition the features

The literature on interference in the Stroop Color-Word Task, covering over 50 years and some 400 studies, is organized and reviewed. In so doing, a set ofl 8 reliable empirical findings is isolated that must be captured by any successful theory of the Stroop effect. Existing theoretical positions

of relationships consumers form with brands; and (3) inducts from the data the concept of brand relationship quality, a diagnostic tool for conceptualizing and evaluating relation-ship strength. Three in-depth case studies inform this agenda, their interpretation guided by an integrative review of the literature

are integrated to define in detail the difference between a construal of the self as independent and a construal of the self as interdependent. Each of these divergent construals should have a set of specific consequences for cognition, emotion, and motivation; these consequences are proposed and relevant

specification of semantics which have appeared in the literature. A simple technique for specifying the "meaning " of languages defined by context-free grammars is introduced in Section 1 of this paper, and its basic mathematical properties are investigated in Sections 2 and 3. An example which

of the range of methods that have been developed, including techniques from the varied literature that have not yet seen wide application in artificial intelligence, but which appear relevant. As illustrative examples, I use the problems of probabilistic inference in expert systems, discovery of latent classes

in the management literature, in fact little is known about the reasons why "enriched" work sometimes leads to positive outcomes for workers and for their employing organizations. Even less is known about the relative effectiveness of various strategies for carrying out the redesign of work One reason