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The theory and practice of corporate finance: Evidence from the field

by John R. Graham, Campbell R. Harvey - Journal of Financial Economics , 2001
"... We survey 392 CFOs about the cost of capital, capital budgeting, and capital structure. Large firms rely heavily on present value techniques and the capital asset pricing model, while small firms are relatively likely to use the payback criterion. We find that a surprising number of firms use their ..."
Abstract - Cited by 725 (23 self) - Add to MetaCart
-order and trade-off capital structure hypotheses but little evidence that executives are concerned about asset substitution, asymmetric information, transactions costs, free cash flows, or personal taxes. Key words: capital structure, cost of capital, cost of equity, capital budgeting, discount rates, project

Metaphors We Live By

by George Lakoff, Mark Johnson , 1980
"... 1. Make a list of some of the metaphors discussed by Lakoff and Johnson. Try inserting new words that convey a different meaning. For example, consider the expression, “I’d like to share some time with you ” rather than “spend some time with you.” 2. Make a list of “language asymmetries ” (see Part ..."
Abstract - Cited by 3387 (7 self) - Add to MetaCart
. Others argue that the term not only leaves out half the population but also perpetuates an image of women as “auxiliary”and men as “central.”Discuss this. 4. Discuss the cultural practice of women taking men’s names when they marry. What cultural values does this practice convey? 5. Keep track of all

Features of similarity.

by Amos Tversky - Psychological Review , 1977
"... Similarity plays a fundamental role in theories of knowledge and behavior. It serves as an organizing principle by which individuals classify objects, form concepts, and make generalizations. Indeed, the concept of similarity is ubiquitous in psychological theory. It underlies the accounts of stimu ..."
Abstract - Cited by 1455 (2 self) - Add to MetaCart
, errors of substitution, and correlation between occurrences. Analyses of these data attempt to explain the observed similarity relations and to capture the underlying structure of the objects under study. The theoretical analysis of similarity relations has been dominated by geometric models

Model Selection and Model Averaging in Phylogenetics: Advantages of Akaike Information Criterion and Bayesian Approaches Over Likelihood Ratio Tests

by David Posada, Thomas R. Buckley , 2004
"... Model selection is a topic of special relevance in molecular phylogenetics that affects many, if not all, stages of phylogenetic inference. Here we discuss some fundamental concepts and techniques of model selection in the context of phylogenetics. We start by reviewing different aspects of the sel ..."
Abstract - Cited by 407 (8 self) - Add to MetaCart
of the selection of substitution models in phylogenetics from a theoretical, philosophical and practical point of view, and summarize this comparison in table format. We argue that the most commonly implemented model selection approach, the hierarchical likelihood ratio test, is not the optimal strategy for model

Do Formal Contracts and Relational Governance Function as Substitutes or Complements

by Laura Poppo, Todd Zenger - Strategic Management Journal , 2002
"... Relational exchange arrangements supported by trust are commonly viewed as substitutes for complex contracts in interorganizational exchanges. Many argue that formal contracts actually undermine trust and thereby encourage the opportunistic behavior they are designed to discourage. In this paper, we ..."
Abstract - Cited by 264 (5 self) - Add to MetaCart
Relational exchange arrangements supported by trust are commonly viewed as substitutes for complex contracts in interorganizational exchanges. Many argue that formal contracts actually undermine trust and thereby encourage the opportunistic behavior they are designed to discourage. In this paper

A new approach to abstract syntax with variable binding

by Murdoch J. Gabbay, Andrew M. Pitts - Formal Aspects of Computing , 2002
"... Abstract. The permutation model of set theory with atoms (FM-sets), devised by Fraenkel and Mostowski in the 1930s, supports notions of ‘name-abstraction ’ and ‘fresh name ’ that provide a new way to represent, compute with, and reason about the syntax of formal systems involving variable-binding op ..."
Abstract - Cited by 287 (63 self) - Add to MetaCart
binding operators. In particular, there is an associated notion of structural recursion for defining syntax-manipulating functions (such as capture avoiding substitution, set of free variables, etc.) and a notion of proof by structural induction, both of which remain pleasingly close to informal practice

Bayesian inference on phylogeny and its impact on evolutionary biology.

by John P Huelsenbeck , Fredrik Ronquist , Rasmus Nielsen , Jonathan P Bollback - Science , 2001
"... 1 As a discipline, phylogenetics is becoming transformed by a flood of molecular data. These data allow broad questions to be asked about the history of life, but also present difficult statistical and computational problems. Bayesian inference of phylogeny brings a new perspective to a number of o ..."
Abstract - Cited by 235 (10 self) - Add to MetaCart
?, to the practical, How did a virus spread through a population? Today, in fact, any study of DNA sequences sampled from different species or from different individuals in a population is likely to start with a phylogenetic analysis. The widespread use of phylogenies today is largely driven by the fundamental

Nominal Logic: A First Order Theory of Names and Binding

by Andrew M. Pitts - Information and Computation , 2001
"... This paper formalises within first-order logic some common practices in computer science to do with representing and reasoning about syntactical structures involving named bound variables (as opposed to nameless terms, explicit substitutions, or higher order abstract syntax). It introduces Nominal L ..."
Abstract - Cited by 219 (15 self) - Add to MetaCart
This paper formalises within first-order logic some common practices in computer science to do with representing and reasoning about syntactical structures involving named bound variables (as opposed to nameless terms, explicit substitutions, or higher order abstract syntax). It introduces Nominal

Fresh Logic

by Murdoch J. Gabbay, Aad Mathijssen - Journal of Applied Logic , 2007
"... Abstract. The practice of first-order logic is replete with meta-level concepts. Most notably there are meta-variables ranging over formulae, variables, and terms, and properties of syntax such as alpha-equivalence, capture-avoiding substitution and assumptions about freshness of variables with resp ..."
Abstract - Cited by 219 (28 self) - Add to MetaCart
Abstract. The practice of first-order logic is replete with meta-level concepts. Most notably there are meta-variables ranging over formulae, variables, and terms, and properties of syntax such as alpha-equivalence, capture-avoiding substitution and assumptions about freshness of variables

Natural Capitalism. Creating the Next Industrial Revolution

by Paul Hawken, Amory B. Lovins, L. Hunter Lovins - A Road Map for Natural Capitalism’, Harvard Business Review, May-June , 1999
"... Previous industrial revolutions made people 100 times more productive when low per-capita output was limiting progress in exploiting a seemingly boundless natural world. Today we face a different pattern of scarcity: abundant people and labor-saving machines, but diminishing natural capital. Natural ..."
Abstract - Cited by 193 (0 self) - Add to MetaCart
. Natural capital refers to the earth’s natural resources and the ecological systems that provide vital life-support services to society and all living things. These services are of immense economic value; some are literally priceless, since they have no known substi-tutes. Yet current business practices
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