and dissemination; training, workshops, and seminars; conferences and round-tables; and publications. The Program focuses on four key thematic areas: energy security, renewable energy, energy poverty, and market efficiency and governance. Governance and Operations ESMAP is governed by a Consultative Group (CG

and dissemination; training, workshops, and seminars; conferences and round-tables; and publications. The Program focuses on four key thematic areas: energy security, renewable energy, energy poverty, and market efficiency and governance. Governance and Operations ESMAP is governed by a Consultative Group (CG

cycle energy performance in the market for modern off-grid lighting (OGL) products in Sub-Saharan Africa and introduces a new metric, life cycle efficacy, which facilitates comparisons and analysis of life cycle energy performance (light output per unit of embodied plus use-phase energy consumption

plants and small turbines for distributed generation is now $4-5 billion annually worldwide and growing. Small turbines (less than 100 kW each) are being produced for the growing distributed generation and off-grid markets. Grid-connected wind power plants typically employ hundreds of 1 to 2 MW turbines

link is inserted to the published article on Springer's website. The link must be accompanied by the following text: "The final publication is available at link.springer.com”. ORIGINAL ARTICLE Low-cost LED flashlights and market spoiling in Kenya’s off-grid lighting market

White light-emitting diode (WLED) lighting systems have recently attained levels of efficiency and cost that allow them to compete with fluorescent lighting for off-grid applications in the developing world, where about 1.6 billion people still lack access to the electricity grid. Additional

, but also they have to manage the trade-off between time and cost such that their applications can be executed most economically in the minimum time. Thus, choosing of the best Grid resources becomes a challenge in such a competitive market. This paper presents two novel heuristics for scheduling parallel

on rural, off-grid, productive-use RE applications, particularly photovoltaic (PV), small wind, and solar thermal systems. Since the inception of the successful Mexico Program, more than 300 kW of RE power, representing more than 400 RE systems, have been installed. These systems induced

decentralised systems particularly those using renewable energy as being enormously important. This presupposes the adoption of standalone technologies by a large number of poor farm households who are currently off-grid is likely. However, such households in LDCs typically face a range of market imperfections

under Section 3, renewable energy technologies are not generally cost-competitive in comparison with natural gas and other fossil fuels. The exception to this is applications in niche markets, where the deployment of PV in remote locations off the main electricity grid is often more cost effective than