that factors from skill situa-tions (competition, choice, familiarity, involvement) introduced into chance situations cause individuals to feel inappropriately confident. In Study 1 sub-jects cut cards against either a confident or a nervous competitor; in Study 2 lottery participants were or were not given a

Abstract. Background subtraction is a method typically used to seg-ment moving regions in image sequences taken from a static camera by comparing each new frame to a model of the scene background. We present a novel non-parametric background model and a background subtraction approach. The model

is often used to force the distribution of the intensity log ratios to have a median of zero for each slide. However, such global normalization approaches are not adequate in situations where dye biases can depend on spot overall intensity and/or spatial location within the array. This article proposes

People combine their abstract knowledge about the world with data they have gathered in order to guide search and prediction in everyday life. We present a Bayesian model that formalizes knowledge transfer. Our model consists of two components: a hierarchical Bayesian model of learning and a Markov Decision Process modeling planning and search. An experiment tests qualitative predictions of the model, showing a strong fit between human data and model predictions. We conclude by discussing relations to previous work and future directions. People combine their abstract knowledge about the world with data they have gathered in order to guide search and prediction in everyday life. Rather than simply

task partitioning in insect societies. They collated numerous examples of partitioned tasks involving the collection and transportation of colony resources to the nest. However, no non-foraging examples were known. Here we report task partitioning in excavation, emigration, and refuse disposal. We also report an example of task partitioning without strong division of labour.

destroy potential oxidants, and to scavenge ROS. Thus, A simple, automated test measuring the ferric reduc-oxidative stress-induced tissue damage is minimized. ing ability of plasma, the FRAP assay, is presented as However, an absolute or relative deficiency of antioxia novel method for assessing

and standardization of tasks (Blau, 1970). The latter features, however, reduce flexibility of response in a changing or novel environment (Donaldson, 1995). A related problem is goal displacement, in which specialized units lose sight of the larger organizational purpose, and pursue their own goals as if they were

Recent studies have raised the question of whether dogs, like human infants, comprehend an established rule as generalizable, normative knowledge or rather as episodic information, existing only in the immediate situation. In the current study we tested whether dogs disobeyed a prohibition to take

“The whole of science is the refinement of everyday thinking”.

Abstract: This small scale pilot study was the first stage of a larger cross age study designed to investigate students ’ predictions in novel situations and the role that self-generated analogies play in non-scientific reasoning. The study used a mixed method approach composed of a combination