My dissertation examines how the financial sector, specifically banks, achieved open entry in early nineteenth-century Massachusetts. The first chapter introduces this question and provides the historical background and conceptual framework necessary for unpacking this question. The second chapter

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the Netherlands during

For their comments and suggestions, we would especially like to thank Pierre-Cyrille Hautcoeur, Carolyn Moehling, and the participants in the Sixth World Congress of Cliometrics. The views expressed herein are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Bureau of Economic Research. NBER working papers are circulated for discussion and comment purposes. They have not been peer-reviewed or been subject to the review by the NBER Board of Directors that accompanies official NBER publications.

elusive M. leprae: colonial and Imperial medical exchanges in the nineteenth century A lepra e o evasivo M. leprae: a troca de informaçıes mØdicas nos períodos colonial e imperial do sØculo

Petrarch’s note about Laura’s death in his Virgil manuscript has been the object of much scholarly interest. The manuscript, now in the Biblioteca Ambrosiana in Milan, would appear to have been very easily ac-cessible in the nineteenth century when a young English visitor devoted her very special interest

on their works. Additionally, influence clearly worked both ways, as the editors responded to the authors ’ texts in their own writing in a continual tug-of-war over the reader’s attention and loyalty. Ultimately, I argue for a new and more fluid definition of editorship in the nineteenth century – one

This dissertation examines the meaning of diamonds in imperial Britain in the nineteenth century and how Britain's involvement in diamond commodity chains across the century informed metropolitan consumers ' conception of and desire for diamond jewelry. It argues that knowledge about

This year we are celebrating the one hundredth anniversary of index Medicus, one of the many accomplishments of that towering figure of nineteenth century American medicine, John Shaw Billings. He is not an unsung hero. His official biographer, Fielding H. Garrison; our former Director, Dr. Frank B

... data set, HadISST1, and the nighttime marine air temperature (NMAT) data set, HadMAT1. HadISST1 replaces the global sea ice and sea surface temperature (GISST) data sets and is a unique combination of monthly globally complete fields of SST and sea ice concentration on a 1 ° latitude-longitude grid from 1871. The companion HadMAT1 runs monthly from 1856 on a 5 ° latitude-longitude grid and incorporates new corrections for the effect on NMAT of increasing deck (and hence measurement) heights. HadISST1 and HadMAT1 temperatures are reconstructed using a two-stage reducedspace optimal interpolation procedure, followed by superposition of quality-improved gridded observations onto the reconstructions to restore local detail. The sea ice fields are made more homogeneous by compensating satellite microwave-based sea ice concentrations for the impact of surface melt effects on retrievals in the Arctic and for algorithm deficiencies in the Antarctic and by making the historical in situ concentrations consistent with the satellite data. SSTs near sea ice are estimated using statistical relationships between SST and sea ice concentration. HadISST1 compares well with other published analyses, capturing trends in global, hemispheric, and regional SST well,