ABSTRACT: Scaling of thermodynamic variance in shallow-cumulus-topped mixed layers is studied using large-eddy simulation (LES). First, the performance of the top-down scaling (the turbulent flux at mixed-layer top divided by w∗) is evaluated for transient shallow-cumulus convection over land

, the bulk of the detrital clay was originally a K § mixed-layer illite/smectite (I/S). As the I/S adsorbed K § released by the dissolution of K-feldspar during burial, the proportion of expandable ayers decreased with depth from ~65 % near the top of the well to ~25 % at 4500 m depth. In contrast

presents MORE, a MAC-independent opportunistic routing protocol. MORE randomly mixes packets before forwarding them. This randomness ensures that routers that hear the same transmission do not forward the same packets. Thus, MORE needs no special scheduler to coordinate routers and can run directly on top

A new bulk model of the convective boundary layer, the probabilistic bulk convection model (PBCM), is presented. Unlike prior bulk approaches that have modeled the mixed-layer-top buoyancy flux as a constant fraction of the surface buoyancy flux, PBCM implements a newmixed-layer-top entrainment

The mixed-layer approach to modeling the planetary boundary layer (PBL) is particularly well suited to inversion-topped PBLs, such as the stratocumulus-topped boundary layer found off the west coast of America in the subtropical Pacific Ocean at northern and southern latitudes. However, a strong

A solution based on a Kalman filter to trace the evolution of the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) sensed by an elastic backscatter lidar is presented. An erf-like profile is used to model the mixing layer top and the entrainment zone thickness. The extended Kalman filter (EKF) enables to retrieve

. At the top of the profile the mixed-layer minerals are Ni-chlorite/vermiculite, which formed under weathering conditions, or K-chlorite/vermiculite, resulting from the alteration of mica. The Ni-content of the chlorite/vermicufite can reach 10 % NiO. Clay minerals formed as alteration products of ultramafic

of the cumulative surface virtual potential temperature flux is obtained (r2 5 0.98) allowing estimates of zi from measurements of virtual potential temperature flux under certain conditions. In fair-weather conditions the residual mixed layer top was observed by the profiler on several nights each month

of the temperature of the boundary layer is likely to be caused by the neglect of the radiative eects of aerosols caused by biomass burning, but other factors such as lack of sucient entrainment in the model at the mixed layer top may also contribute. The Andes generate patterns of subsidence and gravity waves

for resolving the detailed boundary-layer structure and overlying capping inversion. Surface fluxes are represented interms of similarity theory while turbulent diffusivities above the surface layer are formulated in terms of bulk similarity considerations and matching conditions at the top of the surface layer